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Radiology > GU Imaging > Flashcards

GU Imaging Flashcards

1
Q

Kidneys are about __ __ long.

A

10 cm

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2
Q

A patient is diagnosed with a Ureterocele–what is this? How does this appear on an IVP?

A
  • a dilatation of the distal ureter

- appears as a “cobra head deformity” on IVP

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3
Q

When a patient has a Ureterocele, how dilated is their ureter?

A

8mm

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4
Q

What are some imaging studies used for the bladder?

A

IVP
cystogram
CT scan

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5
Q

What is a Cystoscopy? And when should you perform one?

A
  • it is a bladder endoscope

- should be performed as an initial study for suspected bladder cancer

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6
Q

How is a cystoscopy performed?

A

a catheter is placed,

the urine drained and the contrast is injected into the bladder

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7
Q

A patient was in a horrible car accident and their pelvis has been fractured. The patient is also experiencing hematuria. What diagnosis should you suspect in this scenario?

A

-bladder rupture
OR
-bladder may be displaced by hematomas caused by the pelvic fracture

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8
Q

A patient was in a horrible car accident and their pelvis has been fractured. The patient is also experiencing hematuria. If the patient has their bladder elevated centrally–what should you suspect as the cause?

A
  • BILATERAL hematoma caused by the pelvic fracture

- will have an upside down tear drop appearance

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9
Q

What type of rupture has extravasation of contrast into the peritoneal cavity that outlines loops of bowel?

A

Intraperitoneal rupture

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10
Q

What is the study of choice for bladder trauma?

A

CT

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11
Q

T/F Left Kidney is higher than the right kidney.

A

True

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12
Q

Superior pole of the kidney tilted ________; whilst the inferior pole is more ______.

A

medially; anterior

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13
Q

The IV contrast from an Intravenous Pyelogram interacts with _________and can cause lactic acidosis.

A

Glucophage (metformin)

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14
Q

For patients that are at risk for reaction to IVP, a _____ ______ may be performed.

A

Renal ultrasound

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15
Q

Renal ultrasounds are indicated for

A

hydronephrosis or renal masses.

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16
Q

Specific evaluation of the bladder is performed using a ________, in which contrast is injected via a catheter.

A

Cystogram

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17
Q

__ _____ is indicated as first line when IVP is contraindicated.

A

CT scan

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18
Q

What test is indicated for visible hematuria with known trauma?

A

CT scan

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19
Q

What are the three most common kidney CONGENITAL abnormalities?

A
  1. Ureteral duplication
  2. Pelvic kidneys
  3. Horseshoe kidney
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20
Q

It is very common to find ____ ______ ____ in most people over 60 years old.

A

simple renal cyst

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21
Q

US is good for benign renal cyst. However, If a renal cyst has septa____ ____ is indicated.

A

CT scan

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22
Q

In which classification of Bosniaks Categories are renal cysts 100% malignant?

A

Stage 4

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23
Q

5% of renal cysts are malignant in this stage of Bosniaks Categories.

A

Stage 2

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24
Q

Renal calculi larger than _ __ are likely to cause obstruction.

A

5 mm

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25
Q

What type of surgery is indicated for calculi greater than 5 mm?

A

Lithiotripsy

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26
Q

_____ ________ are large stones that fill up most of the collecting system.

A

Staghorn Calculi

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27
Q

Nyna Olveera comes into the clinic complaining of intense flank pain and is screaming like she is in labor. Upon urination , there is hematuria. What is the cause?

A

Renal Stone Disease

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28
Q

T/F It is clinically significant when an obstructing stone rupture the renal calyx .

A

False, there is NO clinical significance.

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29
Q

What is indicated for initial evaluation of renal failure?

A

Ultrasound

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30
Q

T/F IVP can cause worsening renal function.

A

True

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31
Q

This kidney disease presents with flank pain, fever, and pyuria.

A

Pyelonephritis

32
Q

Imaging is only indicated for pyelonephritis when there is an _____, or the patient is ________.

A

abcess;diabetic

33
Q

Fracture of the 12th rib or of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae

A

Instances in which kidney trauma should be suspected include:

34
Q

Non-visualization of the psoas margin may also be a sign of ____ ______.

A

kidney trauma

35
Q

What is the study of choice for renal trauma?

A

CT Scan

36
Q

85% of renal CA is _____ ______carcinoma

A

renal cell

37
Q

___ _____ is the study of choice for suspected renal tumors

A

CT scan

38
Q

______is the best study to evaluate for obstruction of the collection system.

A

Ultrasound

39
Q

Ectasia

A

Simple dilatation of the renal collecting system WITHOUT obstruction is called

40
Q

What study is indicated for recurrent cystitis in females and for initial episode of cystitis in males?

A

IVP

41
Q

True or False: emphysematous cystitis is when gas is present in the wall or lumen of the bladder

A

True

42
Q

True or False: Diabetic patients cannot have emphysematous cystitis.

A

False

43
Q

Most (95%) of bladder tumors are what type of cancer?

A

transitional cell carcinomas

44
Q

A patient is admitted with hematuria, +/- dysuria and frequency–what should be among your most fatal suspicions?

A

Bladder tumor

45
Q

A patient with hematuria, dysuria is diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma. What is the study of choice for this CA?
Why would you NOT use an IVP?
Why would a CT come useful in this scenario?

A
  • cystoscopy (for direct visualization)
  • IVP may show filling defect
  • CT scan is useful for evaluation of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes
46
Q

True or False: No imaging is needed for evaluation of BPH or prostatitis.

A

True

47
Q

BPH has what effect on the bladder?

A
  • can cause elevation

- can be seen on an IVP

48
Q

While viewing a male patient’s IVP, you notice a smooth defect on the inferior portion of the bladder. What would this indicate?

A

BPH

49
Q

True or False: CT and MRI have limited use in prostate cancer.

A

True

50
Q

If a patient needs evaluation of possible bone metastases, what is the best study of choice?

A

Bone scan

51
Q

What use does a Transrectal ultrasound have?

A

-useful for evaluating a suspicious area of the prostate

52
Q

What is the first line study for any testicular problem?

A

Ultrasound

53
Q

What used to be the gold standard but is rarely used anymore in testicular pain and masses?

A

Nuclear medicine testicular scan

54
Q

What 2 tests are indicated for staging of testicular cancer?

A

CT and CXR

55
Q

What is the most common and useful study of the female pelvis?

A

U/S

56
Q

Why would you use a hysterosalpingogram (HSG)?

A

to evaluate the potency of fallopian tubes

57
Q

What is the study of choice for imaging during pregnancy?

A

Ultrasound

58
Q

What are some indications for an U/S?

A
  • Size/date discrepancy
  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Suspected congenital abnormalities
  • Maternal disease
  • diabetes,
  • HTN,
  • renal or heart disease
  • Suspected fetal demise
  • Preterm labor or ruptured membranes
59
Q

How many days for the gestational sac to develop?

A

28-30 days

60
Q

How many days for the yolk sac and heartbeat to develop?

A

5-6 weeks

61
Q

A female patient comes in with pain, bleeding and + HCG test. It has been over 5 weeks, but no gestational sac or heartbeat were seen in the uterus. What diagnosis would you suspect?

A

ectopic pregnancy

62
Q

How is cervical cancer usually detected?

A

PAP smear

63
Q

How do you evaluate Endometrial cancer ?

A

it is difficult to assess by radiological studies – an EMBx is necessary

64
Q

What is the most common benign uterine tumor?

A

fibroid – often calcified and seen on plain films

65
Q

True or False: There is no effective screening for ovarian cancer.

A

True

66
Q

True or False: Benign and malignant ovarian tumors CANNOT be bilateral.

A

False

-they CAN be bilateral

67
Q

True or False: Clinical presentation of ovarian tumors may be bloating or weight gain due to ascites.

A

True

68
Q

What test is taken to evaluate the ovarian tumor and assess for mets?

A

CT scan

69
Q

What is the study of choice for imaging for suspected retroperitoneal adenopathy?

A

CT

70
Q

What is the imaging study of choice for adrenal glands?

A

CT

71
Q

What type of cancers metastasize to the adrenal glands?

A

Lung,
breast,
gastric,
colon and renal cancers all metastasize to the adrenals

72
Q

Two ways to screen for prostrate

A

Screening done by digital rectal exam or PSA

73
Q

How do you locate the prostate?

A

Transrectal Ultrasound

74
Q

Testicular torsion is a….

A

surgical emergency!!

75
Q

When you see a normal appearing uterus with a complex adnexal mass..you should suspect?

A

Ectopic Pregnancy

76
Q

Most common benign tumor of the pelvis

A

Fibroid

Radiology (5 decks)

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