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1210 > GU exam > Flashcards

GU exam Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps of urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular Filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
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2
Q

What is a wet bed?

A 
Acid base balance
Water removal
Electrolyte balance
Toxin removal
Blood pressure regulation
Erythropoietin
D vitamin activation
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3
Q

Why are ace inhibitors nephrotoxic?

A

They stop the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

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4
Q

What is normal GFR?

A

detected in uren 125 ml/min

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5
Q

Normal eGFR?

A

detected in serum >60 ml/min

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6
Q

What happens when eGFR is lower than 60?

A

They start staging renal disease

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7
Q

What does not cross into tubules?

A

Blood cells
Platelets
Protein

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8
Q

What filters into urine?

A

Potassium
Hydrogen ions
Ammonia

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9
Q

What is reabsorbed into the blood?

A 
Water
Sodium
Chloride
Calcium
Bicarb (helps with acid base balance)
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10
Q

What is the normal urine output for 24 hours?

A

1,000-2000mL

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11
Q

What is the normal output per hours?

A

25-30mL/hr

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12
Q

What is the normal voiding pattern?

A

We want patients to void every 3 to 4 hours with a urine output of 75 to 100 mL minimum

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13
Q

What is the normal specific gravity of urine?

A

1.002 to 1.035

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14
Q

What is the normal pH of urine?

A

4.6 to 8.0

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15
Q

Should you find glucose, ketones, bilirubin, nitrates, or leukocytes in urine?

A

No, if present they indicate UTI

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16
Q

RBCs in urine?

A

0-4

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17
Q

WBC in urine?

A

0-5

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18
Q

Protein in urine?

A

0-18

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19
Q

BUN value?

A

8-20

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20
Q

Serum creatinine?

A

0.6-1.2

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21
Q

Creatinine clearance?

A

85-125

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22
Q

What happens to the aging bladder?

A

Decreased size and tone of detrusor muscle

Causes dysuria, urinary frequency, incontinence, urine retention

23
Q

What should you do if a patient is using metformin and is about to take contrast dye?

A

Hold for at least 48 hours after

24
Q

What is azotemia?

A

excess of BUN, excess of urea

25
Q

Stress incontinence?

A

Involuntary urine loss from increasing abdominal pressure

the bladder is stressed

26
Q

Functional incontinence?

A

Can’t make it to the bathroom from impairment of physical mental function

27
Q

Overflow incontinence?

A

Involuntary loss of urine associated with bladder overdistention, “dribbling”, associated with BPH

28
Q

What should be the residual volume of the bladder?

A

<50 mL

29
Q

What can cause a UTI in women?

A

Drop in estrogen

30
Q

Urethritis?

A

inflammation of urethra

31
Q

Cystitis?

A

Inflammation of bladder wall

32
Q

What does pyridium do?

A

Reduces pain, turns urine bright orange

33
Q

Enuresis?

A

Bed wetting, symptom not disease

34
Q

What is IVP?

A

intravenous pyelogram

35
Q

What are thiazide diuretics used for?

A

Calcium based stones

36
Q

What is allopurinol used for?

A

Urine acid based stones

37
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Swelling of the kidneys due to backflow of urine (blocked by kidney stones)

38
Q

What is hydroureter?

A

Precursor to hydronephrosis, urine backs up in ureter first

39
Q

What is bladder cancer realted to?

A

Smoking and industrial pollution

40
Q

Early:
Hematuria, usually painless

Later:
Pelvic pain, back pain, inability to void, dysuria

A

S/sx of bladder cancer

41
Q

Radical nephrectomy?

A

Removal of entire kidney

42
Q

Is there treatment for polycystic kidney disease?

A

No, only radical nephroctomy

43
Q

Is polycystic kidney disease hereditary?

A

Yes

44
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease?

A

Diabetic nephropathy, high glucose levels are the cause of damage to the renal vascular system

45
Q

What is nephrosclerosis?

A

Thickening and hardening of renal blood vessels

46
Q 
C – Cyclosporine
A – ACE I/ARBs
K – Keppra
E – Erythromycin
M – Metformin
A – Amphotericin (treats fungal infxns)
N – NSAIDs --> Afferent VC
C – Contrast
A

Nephrotoxic agents

47
Q

What does kayexalate do?

A

Pulls potassium off into stool

48
Q

What causes hemolytic uremic syndrome?

A

E coli infection

49
Q

What is the tried of symptoms for hemolytic uremic syndrome?

A

Acute renal failure
Thrombocytopenia
Anemia

50
Q

How is candidasis treated?

A

antifungal ending in -azole

51
Q

What is vaginosis typically caused by?

A

Garnderella

52
Q

How is vaginosis treated?

A

Clindamycin

53
Q

Should you apply ice to priapism?

A

Yes

1210 (4 decks)

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