GU exam

Question 1

What are the steps of urine formation?

Answer 1

1. Glomerular Filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion

Question 2

What is a wet bed?

Answer 2

Acid base balance
Water removal
Electrolyte balance
Toxin removal
Blood pressure regulation
Erythropoietin
D vitamin activation

Question 3

Why are ace inhibitors nephrotoxic?

Answer 3

They stop the conversion of angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2

Question 4

What is normal GFR?

Answer 4

detected in uren 125 ml/min

Question 5

Normal eGFR?

Answer 5

detected in serum >60 ml/min

Question 6

What happens when eGFR is lower than 60?

Answer 6

They start staging renal disease

Question 7

What does not cross into tubules?

Answer 7

Blood cells
Platelets
Protein

Question 8

What filters into urine?

Answer 8

Potassium
Hydrogen ions
Ammonia

Question 9

What is reabsorbed into the blood?

Answer 9

Water
Sodium
Chloride
Calcium
Bicarb (helps with acid base balance)

Question 10

What is the normal urine output for 24 hours?

Answer 10

1,000-2000mL

Question 11

What is the normal output per hours?

Answer 11

25-30mL/hr

Question 12

What is the normal voiding pattern?

Answer 12

We want patients to void every 3 to 4 hours with a urine output of 75 to 100 mL minimum

Question 13

What is the normal specific gravity of urine?

Answer 13

1.002 to 1.035

Question 14

What is the normal pH of urine?

Answer 14

4.6 to 8.0

Question 15

Should you find glucose, ketones, bilirubin, nitrates, or leukocytes in urine?

Answer 15

No, if present they indicate UTI

Question 16

RBCs in urine?

Answer 16

0-4

Question 17

WBC in urine?

Answer 17

0-5

Question 18

Protein in urine?

Answer 18

0-18

Question 19

BUN value?

Answer 19

8-20

Question 20

Serum creatinine?

Answer 20

0.6-1.2

Question 21

Creatinine clearance?

Answer 21

85-125

Question 22

What happens to the aging bladder?

Answer 22

Decreased size and tone of detrusor muscle

Causes dysuria, urinary frequency, incontinence, urine retention

Question 23

What should you do if a patient is using metformin and is about to take contrast dye?

Answer 23

Hold for at least 48 hours after

Question 24

What is azotemia?

Answer 24

excess of BUN, excess of urea

Question 25

Stress incontinence?

Answer 25

Involuntary urine loss from increasing abdominal pressure | the bladder is stressed

Question 26

Functional incontinence?

Answer 26

Can't make it to the bathroom from impairment of physical mental function

Question 27

Overflow incontinence?

Answer 27

Involuntary loss of urine associated with bladder overdistention, "dribbling", associated with BPH

Question 28

What should be the residual volume of the bladder?

Answer 28

<50 mL

Question 29

What can cause a UTI in women?

Answer 29

Drop in estrogen

Question 30

Urethritis?

Answer 30

inflammation of urethra

Question 31

Cystitis?

Answer 31

Inflammation of bladder wall

Question 32

What does pyridium do?

Answer 32

Reduces pain, turns urine bright orange

Question 33

Enuresis?

Answer 33

Bed wetting, symptom not disease

Question 34

What is IVP?

Answer 34

intravenous pyelogram

Question 35

What are thiazide diuretics used for?

Answer 35

Calcium based stones

Question 36

What is allopurinol used for?

Answer 36

Urine acid based stones

Question 37

What is hydronephrosis?

Answer 37

Swelling of the kidneys due to backflow of urine (blocked by kidney stones)

Question 38

What is hydroureter?

Answer 38

Precursor to hydronephrosis, urine backs up in ureter first

Question 39

What is bladder cancer realted to?

Answer 39

Smoking and industrial pollution

Question 40

Early: Hematuria, usually painless Later: Pelvic pain, back pain, inability to void, dysuria

Answer 40

S/sx of bladder cancer

Question 41

Radical nephrectomy?

Answer 41

Removal of entire kidney

Question 42

Is there treatment for polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 42

No, only radical nephroctomy

Question 43

Is polycystic kidney disease hereditary?

Answer 43

Yes

Question 44

What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease?

Answer 44

Diabetic nephropathy, high glucose levels are the cause of damage to the renal vascular system

Question 45

What is nephrosclerosis?

Answer 45

Thickening and hardening of renal blood vessels

Question 46

``` C – Cyclosporine A – ACE I/ARBs K – Keppra E – Erythromycin M – Metformin A – Amphotericin (treats fungal infxns) N – NSAIDs --> Afferent VC C – Contrast ```

Answer 46

Nephrotoxic agents

Question 47

What does kayexalate do?

Answer 47

Pulls potassium off into stool

Question 48

What causes hemolytic uremic syndrome?

Answer 48

E coli infection

Question 49

What is the tried of symptoms for hemolytic uremic syndrome?

Answer 49

Acute renal failure Thrombocytopenia Anemia

Question 50

How is candidasis treated?

Answer 50

antifungal ending in -azole

Question 51

What is vaginosis typically caused by?

Answer 51

Garnderella

Question 52

How is vaginosis treated?

Answer 52

Clindamycin

Question 53

Should you apply ice to priapism?

Answer 53

Yes