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Family Med II > GU/Endocrine > Flashcards

GU/Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of acute kidney injury

A

pre-renal

renal or intrinsic

post-renal

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2
Q

what causes pre-renal acute kidney injury

A

hypoperfusion to kidneys

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3
Q

what causes intrinsic acute kidney injury

A

acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

glomerulonephritis

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4
Q

what causes post-renal acute kidney injury

A

BPH

tumor

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5
Q

definition of acute kidney injury

A

abrupt or rapid decline in renal filtration function

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6
Q

what are some examples of nephrotoxic drugs

A

NSAIDs

digoxin

aminoglycosides

vancomycin

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7
Q

urine with muddy brown casts

A

acute tubular necrosis

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8
Q

urine with eosinophiluria & blood eosinophilia

A

acute interstitial nephritis

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9
Q

urine with RBC casts (dimorphic RBC)

A

glomerulonephritis

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10
Q

what are the two main causes of chronic kidney disease?

A

diabetes and hypertension

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11
Q

what type of kidney disease will show small echogenic kidneys < 10 cm

A

chronic kidney disease

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12
Q

signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis

A

fever

flank pain

shaking chills

urinary symptoms

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13
Q

what will the urine show in somebody with pyelonephritis

A

pyuria

WBC casts

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14
Q

most common causative agent of acute cystitis

A

E. coli

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15
Q

what will the urine show in somebody with acute cystitis

A

positive nitrites

positive leukocyte esterase

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16
Q

what will the urine show in somebody with a kidney stone

A

gross hematuria

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17
Q

sudden uncontrollable urge leads to leakage

A

urge incontinence

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18
Q

treatment for urge incontinence

A

anticholinergics

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19
Q

leakage with cough, sneeze, exertion

A

stress incontinence

20
Q

treatment for stress incontinence

A

kegel exercise, estrogen, anticholinergics, surgical repair

21
Q

urinary retention with intermittent leakage from over distended bladder

A

overflow incontinence

22
Q

treatment for overflow incontinence

A

foley catheter is both diagnostic and therapeutic

23
Q

are hyaline casts normal or abnormal in a urinalysis?

A

normal

24
Q

some etiologies of erectile dysfunction

A

diabetes

vascular disease

neurogenic

endocrine

medications

25
Q

main class of medication used to treat erectile dysfunction

A

PDE-5 inhibitors

26
Q

major contraindication of PDE-5 inhibitors

A

concurrent use of nitroglyceric or nitrates

27
Q

signs and symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis

A

perineal, sacral, or suprapubic pain

fever

irritative voiding complaints

28
Q

etiologies of acute bacterial prostatitis

A

E. coli

pseudomonoas

29
Q

what is the most common benign tumor in men

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia

30
Q

medications used to treat symptoms of BPH

A

alpha blockers

5 alpha-reductase inhibitors

31
Q

collection of fluid between two layers of tunica vaginalis

A

hydrocele

32
Q

how is a hydrocele diagnosed

A

transilluminate to confirm mass is fluid-filled

33
Q

“bag of worms”

A

varicocele - engorgement of internal spermatic veins

34
Q

most common cause of epididymitis in men < 40yrs

A

STDs: chlamydia, neisseria

35
Q

most common cause of epididymitis in men > 40 yrs

A

gram negative rods (E. coli)

36
Q

will Prehn’s sign be positive or negative with epididymitis

A

positive

(elevation of the scrotum improves pain)

37
Q

acute onset of testicular pain

N/V

high-riding testis

loss of cremasteric reflex

A

testicular torsion

38
Q

testicular torsion is most common in what age?

A

early puberty

39
Q

how is testicular torsion diagnosed

A

doppler ultrasound

40
Q

most common noncutaneous cancer in adult US males

A

prostate cancer

41
Q

most common type of bladder cancer

A

transitional cell carcinoma (> 95%)

42
Q

most common risk factor for bladder cancer

A

smoking

43
Q

most common renal tumor

A

renal cell carcinoma

44
Q

risk factor for testicular tumors

A

cryptorchidism

45
Q

3 causes of orchitis

A
  1. mumps
  2. gonorrhea
  3. chlamydia
46
Q
A

Family Med II (3 decks)

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