GU/Endocrine Flashcards
3 types of acute kidney injury
pre-renal
renal or intrinsic
post-renal
what causes pre-renal acute kidney injury
hypoperfusion to kidneys
what causes intrinsic acute kidney injury
acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)
glomerulonephritis
what causes post-renal acute kidney injury
BPH
tumor
definition of acute kidney injury
abrupt or rapid decline in renal filtration function
what are some examples of nephrotoxic drugs
NSAIDs
digoxin
aminoglycosides
vancomycin
urine with muddy brown casts
acute tubular necrosis
urine with eosinophiluria & blood eosinophilia
acute interstitial nephritis
urine with RBC casts (dimorphic RBC)
glomerulonephritis
what are the two main causes of chronic kidney disease?
diabetes and hypertension
what type of kidney disease will show small echogenic kidneys < 10 cm
chronic kidney disease
signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis
fever
flank pain
shaking chills
urinary symptoms
what will the urine show in somebody with pyelonephritis
pyuria
WBC casts
most common causative agent of acute cystitis
E. coli
what will the urine show in somebody with acute cystitis
positive nitrites
positive leukocyte esterase
what will the urine show in somebody with a kidney stone
gross hematuria
sudden uncontrollable urge leads to leakage
urge incontinence
treatment for urge incontinence
anticholinergics
leakage with cough, sneeze, exertion
stress incontinence
treatment for stress incontinence
kegel exercise, estrogen, anticholinergics, surgical repair
urinary retention with intermittent leakage from over distended bladder
overflow incontinence
treatment for overflow incontinence
foley catheter is both diagnostic and therapeutic
are hyaline casts normal or abnormal in a urinalysis?
normal
some etiologies of erectile dysfunction
diabetes
vascular disease
neurogenic
endocrine
medications
main class of medication used to treat erectile dysfunction
PDE-5 inhibitors
major contraindication of PDE-5 inhibitors
concurrent use of nitroglyceric or nitrates
signs and symptoms of acute bacterial prostatitis
perineal, sacral, or suprapubic pain
fever
irritative voiding complaints
etiologies of acute bacterial prostatitis
E. coli
pseudomonoas
what is the most common benign tumor in men
benign prostatic hyperplasia
medications used to treat symptoms of BPH
alpha blockers
5 alpha-reductase inhibitors
collection of fluid between two layers of tunica vaginalis
hydrocele
how is a hydrocele diagnosed
transilluminate to confirm mass is fluid-filled
“bag of worms”
varicocele - engorgement of internal spermatic veins
most common cause of epididymitis in men < 40yrs
STDs: chlamydia, neisseria
most common cause of epididymitis in men > 40 yrs
gram negative rods (E. coli)
will Prehn’s sign be positive or negative with epididymitis
positive
(elevation of the scrotum improves pain)
acute onset of testicular pain
N/V
high-riding testis
loss of cremasteric reflex
testicular torsion
testicular torsion is most common in what age?
early puberty
how is testicular torsion diagnosed
doppler ultrasound
most common noncutaneous cancer in adult US males
prostate cancer
most common type of bladder cancer
transitional cell carcinoma (> 95%)
most common risk factor for bladder cancer
smoking
most common renal tumor
renal cell carcinoma
risk factor for testicular tumors
cryptorchidism
3 causes of orchitis
- mumps
- gonorrhea
- chlamydia
