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Post TAV I IDC School > GU A&P (Male) > Flashcards

GU A&P (Male) Flashcards

1
Q

The urinary system consists of what

A

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra

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2
Q

What is nephrology

A

The scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys

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3
Q

What is urology

A

The branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary system, and the male reproductive system

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4
Q

What are the five functions of the kidneys

A

Regulation of ion levels in the blood
Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
Regulation of blood pH
Production of hormones
Excretion of waste

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5
Q

What do the kidneys regulate

A

Regulate the concentration of hydrogen in the blood by excreting a variable amount of hydrogen in the urine

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6
Q

What hormones do the kidneys produce

A

Calcitriol - the active form of vitamin D helps regulate calcium homeostasis
Erythropoietin - stimulates production of red blood cells (think EPO = doping)

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7
Q

What waste is being excreted from the Kidneys

A

Ammonia and urea, bilirubin, creatinine, urine acid

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8
Q

Where are the kidneys located

A

On either side of the vertebral column, at T-12 to L-3 retroperitoneal

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9
Q

Near the center of the medial border is what

A

An invention called the renal hilum

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10
Q

What surrounds the renal capsule and cushions the kidney

A

Adipose (fatty) tissue

Along with a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, the adipose tissue anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall

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11
Q

What are the main regions of the kidneys (internally)

A

Renal cortex - an outer light red region
Renal medulla - an inner, darker red-brown region

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12
Q

What is located within the renal medulla

A

Several cone-shaped renal pyramids
Extensions of the renal cortex called renal columns

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13
Q

What are minor calyces

A

Urine formed in the kidney passes from thousands of papillary ducts within the renal pyramids into cuplike structures

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14
Q

Each kidney has how many minor calyces

A

8-12

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15
Q

From the minor calyces, urine next flows into 2-3 MAJOR calyces, and then into a single large cavity called what

A

The renal pelvis

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16
Q

How much of the resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries

A

About 20-25% (1200 milliliters of blood per minute)

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17
Q

How does the renal blood supply flow *****

A

Afferent arterioles -> glomerulus -> efferent arterioles -> peritubular capillaries -> peritubular veins -> ultimately, veins drain into the renal vein

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18
Q

What are the nephrons

A

The functional units of the kidney (about a million in each kidney)

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19
Q

A nephron consists of what parts

A

Renal corpuscle - where blood plasma is filtered
Renal tubule - filtered fluid, called glomerular filtrate, passes

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20
Q

What are the parts that make up a renal corpuscle

A

The glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, a double-walled cup of epithelial cells that surrounds the glomerular capillaries

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21
Q

What are the main sections of the renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule

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22
Q

The loop of Henle extends downward into the renal medulla, where it is called _________
And returns to the renal cortex as the __________

A

The descending limb
Ascending limb

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23
Q

To produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts perform what functions

A

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

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24
Q

The nephron performs what basic processes to produce urine, nephrons, and collecting ducts

A

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

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25
Q

What is the first step of urine production

A

Glomerular filtration

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26
Q

Blood pressure forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the wall of glomerular capillaries

A

Glomerular filtrate

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27
Q

Tubular reabsorption occurs as

A

Filtered fluid flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct: tubule and duct cells return about 99% of the filtered water and many useful solutes t the blood flowing through peritubular capillaries

28
Q

What is tubular secretion

A

The tubule and duct cells remove substances, such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions from blood in the peritubular capillaries and transport them into the fluid in the renal tubules

29
Q

By the time the filtered fluid has undergone tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion and enters the minor and major calyx is called what

A

Urine

30
Q

The cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule, called podocytes, adhere closely to what

A

The endothelial cells of the glomerulus

31
Q

The podocytes and glomerular endothelium form a filtration membrane that permits the passage of what

A

Water and solutes from the blood into the capsular space

32
Q

The pressure that causes filtration is the blood pressure from where

A

The glomerular capillaries

33
Q

What other pressures oppose glomerular filtration

A

Blood colloid osmotic pressure and glomerular capsule pressure

34
Q

Normally blood pressure is greater than the two opposing pressures producing a net filtration pressure of what

A

10 mmHg

35
Q

Net filtration pressure forces a large volume of fluid into the capsular space about how much for males and females

A

Males - 180 liters daily
Females - 150 liters daily

36
Q

What is the calculation for net filtration pressure

A

Net filtration pressure = glomerular capillary blood pressure - (blood colloidal osmotic pressure + glomerular capsule pressure)

37
Q

Decreased blood flow into the glomerulus, which decreases net filtration pressure is what

A

Constriction of the afferent arteriole

38
Q

What slows outflow of blood and increases net filtration pressure

A

Constriction of the efferent arteriole

39
Q

The amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute is called what

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

40
Q

What is the GFR in adult males and adult females

A

Males - 125 mL/min
Females - 105 mL/min

41
Q

What happens if the GFR is too high

A

Needed substances pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are unable to be reabsorbed and pass out of the body as part of urine

42
Q

What happens if the GFR is too low

A

Nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed and waste products are not adequately excreted

43
Q

Hat is ANP and what does it promote

A

Atrial Natiuretic peptide which is a hormone
Promotes loss of sodium ions and water in the urine in part because it increases glomerular filtration rate

44
Q

Cells in the atria of the heart secrete more ANP if the heart is stretched more and occurs when

A

Blood volume increases

45
Q

ANP acts on the kidneys to increase loss of sodium ions and water in urine, which does what

A

Reduces the blood volume back to normal

46
Q

The blood vessels of the kidneys act by sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system and when active cause what

A

Vasoconstrictions

47
Q

With greater sympathetic stimulation, as occurs with exercise or hemorrhage, the afferent arterioles are constricted more than what

A

Efferent arterioles

48
Q

Typically what amount of water is reabsorbed

A

99%
Only 1% of the water in glomerular filtrate actually leaves the body in urine

49
Q

What reabsorbs 65% of the filtered water, 100% of the filtered glucose and amino acids, and large quantities of various ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium

A

Proximal convoluted tubule cells

50
Q

Water moves by what into peritubular capillaries

A

Osmosis

51
Q

The most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion are what

A

Angiotensin II and aldosterone

52
Q

In the proximal convoluted tubules, what enhances reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-

A

Angiotensin II

53
Q

What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

A

Angiotensin II

54
Q

What is the major regulator of blood K+ level

A

Aldosterone-stimulated secretion of K+

55
Q

What is the major hormone that regulates water reabsorption

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which operates via negative feedback

56
Q

The kidneys can produce as little as how much of very concentrated urine each day when ADH concentration is maximal (severe dehydration)

A

400-500 mL

57
Q

Lower-than-normal level of calcium in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release what

A

Parathyroid hormone

58
Q

The volume of urine eliminated per day in a normal adult is how much

A

1 to 2 liters (about 1 to 2 quarts)

59
Q

Water accounts for about how much of the total urine volume of urine

A

About 95%

60
Q

Each of the two ureters transports urine from the renal pelvis of one of the kidneys to what

A

The urinary bladder

61
Q

The ureter consists of what layers

A

The inner layer (mucosa) - containing transitional epithelium with an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue
The middle layer (smooth muscle) - this is where the peristaltic contractions occur
The outer layer (consists of areolar connective tissue) - contains the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

62
Q

What is transitional epithelium able to do

A

Stretch - a marked advantage for any organ that must accommodate a variable volume of fluid

63
Q

Urinary bladder capacity averages how much

A

700-800 mL

64
Q

Like the ureters, the mucosa of the urinary bladder contains what

A

Transitional epithelium, which allows for stretching

65
Q

The muscle layer of the urinary bladder wall consists of three layers of smooth muscle called what

A

The destructor muscle

Post TAV I IDC School (5 decks)

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