GU A&P (Male)

Question 1

The urinary system consists of what

Answer 1

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, one urinary bladder, and one urethra

Question 2

What is nephrology

Answer 2

The scientific study of the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the kidneys

Question 3

What is urology

Answer 3

The branch of medicine that deals with the male and female urinary system, and the male reproductive system

Question 4

What are the five functions of the kidneys

Answer 4

Regulation of ion levels in the blood
Regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
Regulation of blood pH
Production of hormones
Excretion of waste

Question 5

What do the kidneys regulate

Answer 5

Regulate the concentration of hydrogen in the blood by excreting a variable amount of hydrogen in the urine

Question 6

What hormones do the kidneys produce

Answer 6

Calcitriol - the active form of vitamin D helps regulate calcium homeostasis
Erythropoietin - stimulates production of red blood cells (think EPO = doping)

Question 7

What waste is being excreted from the Kidneys

Answer 7

Ammonia and urea, bilirubin, creatinine, urine acid

Question 8

Where are the kidneys located

Answer 8

On either side of the vertebral column, at T-12 to L-3 retroperitoneal

Question 9

Near the center of the medial border is what

Answer 9

An invention called the renal hilum

Question 10

What surrounds the renal capsule and cushions the kidney

Answer 10

Adipose (fatty) tissue

Along with a thin layer of dense irregular connective tissue, the adipose tissue anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall

Question 11

What are the main regions of the kidneys (internally)

Answer 11

Renal cortex - an outer light red region
Renal medulla - an inner, darker red-brown region

Question 12

What is located within the renal medulla

Answer 12

Several cone-shaped renal pyramids
Extensions of the renal cortex called renal columns

Question 13

What are minor calyces

Answer 13

Urine formed in the kidney passes from thousands of papillary ducts within the renal pyramids into cuplike structures

Question 14

Each kidney has how many minor calyces

Answer 14

8-12

Question 15

From the minor calyces, urine next flows into 2-3 MAJOR calyces, and then into a single large cavity called what

Answer 15

The renal pelvis

Question 16

How much of the resting cardiac output flows into the kidneys through the right and left renal arteries

Answer 16

About 20-25% (1200 milliliters of blood per minute)

Question 17

How does the renal blood supply flow *****

Answer 17

Afferent arterioles -> glomerulus -> efferent arterioles -> peritubular capillaries -> peritubular veins -> ultimately, veins drain into the renal vein

Question 18

What are the nephrons

Answer 18

The functional units of the kidney (about a million in each kidney)

Question 19

A nephron consists of what parts

Answer 19

Renal corpuscle - where blood plasma is filtered
Renal tubule - filtered fluid, called glomerular filtrate, passes

Question 20

What are the parts that make up a renal corpuscle

Answer 20

The glomerulus and the glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule, a double-walled cup of epithelial cells that surrounds the glomerular capillaries

Question 21

What are the main sections of the renal tubule

Answer 21

Proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule

Question 22

The loop of Henle extends downward into the renal medulla, where it is called _________
And returns to the renal cortex as the __________

Answer 22

The descending limb
Ascending limb

Question 23

To produce urine, nephrons and collecting ducts perform what functions

Answer 23

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

Question 24

The nephron performs what basic processes to produce urine, nephrons, and collecting ducts

Answer 24

Glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

Question 25

What is the first step of urine production

Answer 25

Glomerular filtration

Question 26

Blood pressure forces water and most solutes in blood plasma across the wall of glomerular capillaries

Answer 26

Glomerular filtrate

Question 27

Tubular reabsorption occurs as

Answer 27

Filtered fluid flows along the renal tubule and through the collecting duct: tubule and duct cells return about 99% of the filtered water and many useful solutes t the blood flowing through peritubular capillaries

Question 28

What is tubular secretion

Answer 28

The tubule and duct cells remove substances, such as wastes, drugs, and excess ions from blood in the peritubular capillaries and transport them into the fluid in the renal tubules

Question 29

By the time the filtered fluid has undergone tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion and enters the minor and major calyx is called what

Answer 29

Urine

Question 30

The cells that make up the inner wall of the glomerular capsule, called podocytes, adhere closely to what

Answer 30

The endothelial cells of the glomerulus

Question 31

The podocytes and glomerular endothelium form a filtration membrane that permits the passage of what

Answer 31

Water and solutes from the blood into the capsular space

Question 32

The pressure that causes filtration is the blood pressure from where

Answer 32

The glomerular capillaries

Question 33

What other pressures oppose glomerular filtration

Answer 33

Blood colloid osmotic pressure and glomerular capsule pressure

Question 34

Normally blood pressure is greater than the two opposing pressures producing a net filtration pressure of what

Answer 34

10 mmHg

Question 35

Net filtration pressure forces a large volume of fluid into the capsular space about how much for males and females

Answer 35

Males - 180 liters daily Females - 150 liters daily

Question 36

What is the calculation for net filtration pressure

Answer 36

Net filtration pressure = glomerular capillary blood pressure - (blood colloidal osmotic pressure + glomerular capsule pressure)

Question 37

Decreased blood flow into the glomerulus, which decreases net filtration pressure is what

Answer 37

Constriction of the afferent arteriole

Question 38

What slows outflow of blood and increases net filtration pressure

Answer 38

Constriction of the efferent arteriole

Question 39

The amount of filtrate that forms in both kidneys every minute is called what

Answer 39

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 40

What is the GFR in adult males and adult females

Answer 40

Males - 125 mL/min Females - 105 mL/min

Question 41

What happens if the GFR is too high

Answer 41

Needed substances pass so quickly through the renal tubules that they are unable to be reabsorbed and pass out of the body as part of urine

Question 42

What happens if the GFR is too low

Answer 42

Nearly all the filtrate is reabsorbed and waste products are not adequately excreted

Question 43

Hat is ANP and what does it promote

Answer 43

Atrial Natiuretic peptide which is a hormone Promotes loss of sodium ions and water in the urine in part because it increases glomerular filtration rate

Question 44

Cells in the atria of the heart secrete more ANP if the heart is stretched more and occurs when

Answer 44

Blood volume increases

Question 45

ANP acts on the kidneys to increase loss of sodium ions and water in urine, which does what

Answer 45

Reduces the blood volume back to normal

Question 46

The blood vessels of the kidneys act by sympathetic neurons of the autonomic nervous system and when active cause what

Answer 46

Vasoconstrictions

Question 47

With greater sympathetic stimulation, as occurs with exercise or hemorrhage, the afferent arterioles are constricted more than what

Answer 47

Efferent arterioles

Question 48

Typically what amount of water is reabsorbed

Answer 48

99% Only 1% of the water in glomerular filtrate actually leaves the body in urine

Question 49

What reabsorbs 65% of the filtered water, 100% of the filtered glucose and amino acids, and large quantities of various ions such as sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium and magnesium

Answer 49

Proximal convoluted tubule cells

Question 50

Water moves by what into peritubular capillaries

Answer 50

Osmosis

Question 51

The most important hormonal regulators of ion reabsorption and secretion are what

Answer 51

Angiotensin II and aldosterone

Question 52

In the proximal convoluted tubules, what enhances reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-

Answer 52

Angiotensin II

Question 53

What stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone

Answer 53

Angiotensin II

Question 54

What is the major regulator of blood K+ level

Answer 54

Aldosterone-stimulated secretion of K+

Question 55

What is the major hormone that regulates water reabsorption

Answer 55

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Which operates via negative feedback

Question 56

The kidneys can produce as little as how much of very concentrated urine each day when ADH concentration is maximal (severe dehydration)

Answer 56

400-500 mL

Question 57

Lower-than-normal level of calcium in the blood stimulates the parathyroid glands to release what

Answer 57

Parathyroid hormone

Question 58

The volume of urine eliminated per day in a normal adult is how much

Answer 58

1 to 2 liters (about 1 to 2 quarts)

Question 59

Water accounts for about how much of the total urine volume of urine

Answer 59

About 95%

Question 60

Each of the two ureters transports urine from the renal pelvis of one of the kidneys to what

Answer 60

The urinary bladder

Question 61

The ureter consists of what layers

Answer 61

The inner layer (mucosa) - containing transitional epithelium with an underlying layer of areolar connective tissue The middle layer (smooth muscle) - this is where the peristaltic contractions occur The outer layer (consists of areolar connective tissue) - contains the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Question 62

What is transitional epithelium able to do

Answer 62

Stretch - a marked advantage for any organ that must accommodate a variable volume of fluid

Question 63

Urinary bladder capacity averages how much

Answer 63

700-800 mL

Question 64

Like the ureters, the mucosa of the urinary bladder contains what

Answer 64

Transitional epithelium, which allows for stretching

Question 65

The muscle layer of the urinary bladder wall consists of three layers of smooth muscle called what

Answer 65

The destructor muscle