GS & GG case study quizzes Flashcards
Uganda (interdependence and unequal flows of people)
1. Where is Uganda?
2. Why shouldn’t Uganda be a poor country? Give 2 reasons
3. What shapes Uganda’s economy?
4. Name 3 factors that have hindered the development of Uganda
5. What proportion of the 35million population live below the national poverty line? 1/5, ¼ or 1/3?
6. What is the life expectancy of people in Uganda? 59, 63 or 70?
7. Where in Uganda is poverty the greatest? What employment do most of the people here have?
8. When did Uganda become a colony of the British Empire? 1862, 1877 or 1894?
9. When Uganda was part of the British Empire, which company strongly influenced the country’s exports?
10. Which products dominated, and continue to dominate, Ugandan Exports? What is one of Uganda’s most profitable exports?
11. What is the issue with the trade of this profitable exported product? What did this issue lead to?
12. What are the smallholdings owned by subsistence farmers called?
13. What evidence is there of recent technological changes in these subsistence farmlands?
14. What is the scheme called that was made possible through cheap wireless technology creating internet even in remote areas?
15. What does this scheme do?
16. There is a rapidly growing market of users who are willing to pay for this service. Give an example and explain how this customer type would benefit from this service.
0/16 = 1
6/16 = 2
9/16 = 3
12/16 = 4
16/16 = 5
Answers
1) In central Africa, just north of Lake Victoria
2) It’s green and fertile, and it has plenty of resources like copper and cobalt
3) Unequal flows of people, money, ideas and technology, within and across its borders, as part of wider global systems
4) HIV/AIDS, civil war and corruption
5) 1/3
6) 59
7) Rural areas, particularly north and north-east, where most of the population are smallholder subsistence farmers (operating on less than 2 hectares of cropland)
8) 1894
9) British East Africa Company
10) Low-valued primary products such as cash crops of coffee, tea and cotton; fish is now one of Uganda’s most profitable exports
11) It is unsustainable: overfishing and the predatory Nile Perch (introduced by the British) have resulted in stocks of indigenous fish being reduced to extinction levels. This in turn led to the closure of fish factories and an associated knock-on effect to the local economy
12) Shambas
13) Occasional mobile phone antennae on the tops of farm buildings
14) Village phone model
15) Offers loans to people wishing to start a mobile phone business, the loan allows the purchase of a mobile phone, a car battery to charge it, and a booster antenna that can pick up signals from 25km away
16) Farmers – to gain information about the price they might pay for seeds at the market, or new farming techniques
0/16 = 1
6/16 = 2
9/16 = 3
12/16 = 4
16/16 = 5
China and the internet (the internet and single-product economies)
1) In 2020 (when our oxford textbook was released), how many of the top 10 most visited websites in the world were Chinese?
2) How many are there in the top 10 now?
3) China has the largest number of internet users in the world. How many were there in 2015? What is this in the context of the world total?
4) Fill in the blank: the internet is perhaps the embodiment of , allowing flows and sharing of , and .
5) What is the name of the online censorship system which blocks access to foreign websites?
6) Name two ways this system does this.
7) How successful has this system been?
8) When did this system start?
9) What is the name of the system of domestic surveillance?
10) When was this system set up?
11) Who set up this system?
12) Name 4 ways that this system enforces censorship.
13) Who was Liu Xiaobo? What’s his story?
14) Alibaba.com is a highly successful Chinese e-commerce company. It has helped to boost the success of China’s manufacturing sector – in how many countries worldwide?
15) When was the Alibaba Group’s first web marketplace established?
16) Fill in the blanks: The Alibaba Group’s websites include _ (an equivalent of eBay), _ (an online payment service with _ million users) and that enables Chinese consumers to buy branded products from international, as well as Chinese, companies, listing _ brands.
17) What percentage of the world’s population have an internet connection?
18) How many emails are sent every 60 seconds: 104 million, 204 million or 304 million?
19) How many hours of videos are uploaded every 60 seconds: 75, 80 or 82?
20) How many google searches are made every 60 seconds: 3.4 million, 3.8 million or 4 million?
21) How many Facebook friends are made every 60 seconds: 100 000, 1 million or 1 billion?
22) How much money (in US$) is made by big technology companies every 60 seconds? $132 000, $138 000 or $142 000?
0/22 = 1
8/22 = 2
13/22 = 3
17/22 = 4
22/22 = 5
Answers
1) 3
2) None – all American!
3) 650 million in 2015, nearly 25% of the world total
4) Globalisation, money, ideas, technology
5) Great Firewall
6) Filtering key words and bandwidth throttling (deliberately slowing internet speed)
7) Very successful, attempts to bypass the system have been of limited success
8) Late 1990s
9) Golden Shield
10) 1998
11) Ministry of Public Security
12) Fines, arrests, libel lawsuits (false (written) statement against someone), dismissals (from employment)
13) Chinese activist, involved in campaigns to end the communist government. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010, but this news never reached the majority of Chinese. He was already in jail and all news about his imprisonment was also censored.
14) 190
15) 1999
16) Taobao, AliPay, 400, Tmall.com, 70 000
17) 40%
18) 204 million
19) 75
20) 4 million
21) 100 000
22) $142 000
0/22 = 1
8/22 = 2
13/22 = 3
17/22 = 4
22/22 = 5
Nigeria (negative impacts of a single-product economy)
1) Where is Nigeria?
2) What is its capital city?
3) Nigeria has proven oil reserves of how many barrels: 35 billion, 36 billion or 37 billion?
4) Nigeria has natural gas reserve of how many cubic meters: 28 billion, 280 billion or 2800 billion?
5) What percentage of its national income is made up by oil and gas?
6) What does OPEC stand for?
7) What has happened as a consequence of the focus on oil alone?
8) How has this impacted migration and poverty?
9) Why were the world’s major oil companies encouraged to develop these reserves?
10) What have these global giants been criticised for?
11) Why are imported consumer good cheap?
12) What is the process called when domestically manufactured goods are too expensive and so unable to be exported?
13) Where is this process common?
14) What is a consequence of this process in Nigeria?
15) Fill in the blanks: A greater emphasis on oil and gas industries makes Nigeria _ internationally in manufactured goods and _ its reliance on foreign imports.
0/15 = 1
4/15 = 2
8/15 = 3
11/15 = 4
15/15 = 5
Answers
1) Western Africa, just north of the Gulf of Guinea
2) Abuja (Lagos is its largest city)
3) 36 billion
4) 2800 billion
5) More than 80%
6) Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries
7) Dramatic decline of the traditional industries of agriculture and manufacturing
8) Rural-urban migration has increased, resulting in increased levels of rural poverty and overcrowding in cities such as Lagos and Abuja
9) Because Nigeria didn’t have the technology nor the skills to exploit the oil
10) Having scant regard for the local environment (oil spills are common in the Niger Delta) or for the local indigenous people (rights are reported to have been abused
11) Because the high income that is usually generated from oil results in the Nigerian currency being significantly overvalued
12) Dutch Disease
13) In resource-rich emerging major economies (EMEs)
14) Dutch disease has led to de-industrialisation, which drives more people into the oil and gas industries, which exacerbates the issues already identified (increased rural-urban migration, increased rural poverty and urban overcrowding etc)
15) Less, competitive, increases
0/15 = 1
4/15 = 2
8/15 = 3
11/15 = 4
15/15 = 5
Umbrella city (international trade)
1) How long have umbrellas been around for?
2) The Chinese were likely to be the first to create an umbrella, but what was it called?
3) The umbrella was exported across Asia and then Europe, gaining popularity within what empire?
4) How many different models of umbrellas are on sale on amazon?
5) Today, what proportion of the world’s umbrellas are made in China?
6) Where specifically are they often made, which is described as the “umbrella capital of the world”?
7) How many umbrellas are made each year?
8) How many factories are there here?
9) How many umbrellas does a single worker make in a day?
10) This “umbrella capital of the world” retains its prominent position as a result of what 5 comparative advantages?
11) How far in km is this place from Ningbo Port, where the umbrellas are exported?
12) How big is the workforce in the production of umbrellas in the umbrella capital of the world?
0/12 = 1
3/12 = 2
6/12 = 3
9/12 = 4
12/12 = 5
Answers
1) 3000 years
2) Collapsible fabric dome
3) Roman Empire
4) 5000
5) 70%
6) Songxia
7) ½ billion annually
8) More than 1200 factories
9) 300 a day
10) Specialisation (all kinds of umbrellas are manufactured), access to domestic and international markets (80km away from Ningbo Port), cheap production costs, government support (preferential policies for all parts of supply chain, as well as tax incentives) and Songxia Umbrella Industrial Park (raises brand awareness and strengthens competitiveness of local manufacturers)
11) 80km
12) 40 000 workers
0/12 = 1
3/12 = 2
6/12 = 3
9/12 = 4
12/12 = 5
** Collum Coal Mining Industries, Zambia (trading relationships, impacts of metal extraction)**
1) Collum Coal Mine is located how many km southwest of Lusaka?
2) Some years ago, police were called to the mine to investigate an incident which occurred during a protest. In which year was this?
3) What were they protesting for?
4) What was the incident?
5) What happened to those who caused the incident the following year?
6) The year after this, the mine was seized by the Zambian Government. Why?
7) Collum Coal Mining Industries was also accused of something else. What was it?
0/7 = 1
2/7 = 2
4/7 = 3
6/7 = 4
7/7 = 5
Answers
1) 200km
2) In 2011
3) Protesting against poor working conditions
4) 11 Africain workers were shot by the operation’s Chinese managers
5) A Chinese manager was killed during a pay dispute
6) It was seized in light of the company’s poor ‘safety, health and environmental record’
7) Failing to accurately declare the total amount of coal produced, thereby avoiding tax payments
0/7 = 1
2/7 = 2
4/7 = 3
6/7 = 4
7/7 = 5
Tata Steel, UK (trading relationships, impacts of metal extraction)
1) Leaders of a premium economic group met together in November 2015, and they shared an economic concern. What is the name of this group?
2) What was their economic concern?
3) What was the common cause for the issue that they were concerned about?
4) The Chinese construction boom faltered in which year?
5) The demand for steel in China therefore fell, and Chinese steel producers looked to international markets to absorb the overproduction, at a low price. Why was the price of the Chinese steel so low?
6) Explain what Chinese ‘steel dumping’ was.
7) What was the impact of this steel dumping on the British steel industry?
8) What did the British Government do to resolve the threat of Tata Steel selling its UK business?
9) In 2015, what did the EU impose?
10) What proportion of the 1.6bn tonnes of steel made globally comes from China?
11) From which country does Tata Steel originate?
0/11 = 1
3/11 = 2
6/11 = 3
9/11 = 4
11/11 = 5
Answers
1) G20
2) Steel plant closures across Europe, the US and Mexico.
3) The competition from cheap Chinese steel
4) 2015
5) Chinese steel is state-subsidised, which makes the price very competitive – too competitive according to G20
6) Where steel was sold at a rate even blow the cost to produce it
7) Tata Steel was forced to cut jobs in UK sites in 2016
8) They avoided direct conflict with China because they were keen to encourage Chinese inward investment
9) They imposed anti-dumping duties for 6 months on selected steel imports from China and Taiwan
10) ½
11) India
0/11 = 1
3/11 = 2
6/11 = 3
9/11 = 4
11/11 = 5
EU (example of a trade bloc and regional governance)
1) When was the EU founded?
2) The origins of the EU were based on what simple premise?
3) Legally binding treaties, agreed by all member countries, govern life for how many EU citizens? 200 million, 350 million, or 500 million?
4) How many EU citizens have the common currency, the euro? 150 million, 167 million or 175 million?
5) When did the UK leave the EU?
6) How many member states are there in the EU?
7) What is the name of this top governing body within the EU: It sets the EU’s overall political direction and priorities, and is made up of the heads of state or government of EU member countries?
8) What is the name of this next highest governing body within the EU: It is an executive body that is responsible for proposing and implementing EU laws, monitoring treaties and the day-to-day running of the EU. Members are appointed by the EU national governments?
9) Below this, what is the name of this next highest governing body within the EU: It represents every EU citizen and is directly elected by them. It adopts the laws proposed by the [top governing body, Q7]. It shares power over the EU budget and legislation with [next, lower down, governing body, Q10]?
10) Below this, what is the name of this next highest governing body within the EU: It represents the governments of member countries and promotes/defends national interests. The government ministers share power of the EU over budget and legislation with [higher governing body, Q9]?
11) At the bottom of this hierarchy of power, what is the name of this governing body within the EU: They implement the laws passed by the EU. The [second highest governing body, Q8] ensures that the laws are properly applied and implemented?
0/11 = 1
3/11 = 2
5/11 = 3
8/11 = 4
11/11 = 5
Answers
1) In the years after WW2
2) That countries who trade with each other (and therefore become economically interdependent) are less likely to be involved in conflict
3) 500 million
4) 175 million
5) 31st January 2020
6) 27
7) European Council
8) European Commission
9) European Parliament
10) Council of the European Union
11) Member Countries
0/11 = 1
3/11 = 2
5/11 = 3
8/11 = 4
11/11 = 5
Apple (transnational corporations)
1) The HQ and Research & Design centre are together on the Apple campus. Where is this?
2) There are 3 further data centres in the USA, where are they?
3) Where is the European HQ?
4) How many workers does this HQ employ on its Mac production line? 3000, 4000 or 4700?
5) What else does this HQ have with regards to customers?
6) Where has Apple outsourced the assembly of its main products (iPhones, iPods, iPads) to?
7) How many retail stores does Apple have in total? 432, 453 or 476?
8) How many of these retail stores are in Europe and the Middle East? 106, 108 or 110?
9) How many retail stores are there in China? 20, 23 or 25?
10) Apple has increased its market in China by how many million people?
11) In what country are the mainstream products produced?
12) Give 3 reasons for the mainstream products being produced here.
13) What is Foxconn City? Give two examples of TNCs who have factories there.
14) True or false: most workers commute to Foxconn City.
15) How many workers are employed in Foxconn City? 375 000, 390 000 or 400 000?
16) Apple employs how many workers directly on its Mac production line and call centre (largest employer in the Cork, Ireland)?
17) Apple’s presence in Cork, Ireland has generated how many jobs within the supply chain?
18) Fill in the blanks: A benefit for Cork, Ireland: Apple’s presence in the Cork has provided an inspiration for local ____, ____ and ____. (this Q is worth 3 points)
19) What is one disadvantage for Apple’s presence in Cork, Ireland?
20) However, what percentage of the workers in Cork for Apple are Irish?
21) Fill in the blanks: a negative impact on China is the poor working conditions. In 2006, ____ workers were working more than ____ hrs/week for $ ____ /month. (this Q is worth 3 points)
22) How much of this wage was taken up by living expenses?
23) In 2015, how many workers at Lianjian Technology in China were poisoned by toxic chemicals used to lean iPad screens, decided to sue Apple?
24) True or false: employees under 18 in China are treated differently to adults?
25) True or false: Uni students in China were forced to work in order to graduate?
26) In 2009-2010, how many suicides were there due to working conditions?
27) Name 4 environmental issues of Apple’s presence in China.
0/30 = 1
8/30 = 2
15/30 = 3
22/30 = 4
30/30 = 5
Answers
1) Cupertino, California, USA
2) 2 more in California, 1 in North Carolina
3) In Ireland (Cork)
4) 4000
5) It also has a customer support and online store call centre
6) Foxconn City in the north of Hong Kong
7) 453
8) 110
9) 25
10) 600 million people
11) China
12) Large source of highly-skilled, low-paid, hard-working workers; a number of (mainly Taiwanese) companies competed for the Apple manufacturing contract which lowered production costs; and Shenzen is China’s first and most successful SEZ (Special Economic Zone) which offers a number of incentives to attract foreign companies (i.e. Apple)
13) A business park, Sony and Dell
14) False, the park is self-contained with high security, so most workers live on site
15) 400,000
16) 4000
17) 2500
18) Education, research, development
19) Many of the more highly-skilled workers aren’t Irish, so Apple is not providing enough jobs for local people
20) 60%
21) 200 000 workers, working more than 60hrs/week for $100/month.
22) ½ of this wage was taken up by living expenses
23) 50
24) False, they’re treated the same as adults
25) True
26) 14
27) Reliance on non-renewable resources, toxic chemicals, lack of recyclability, pollutants from factories
0/30 = 1
8/30 = 2
15/30 = 3
22/30 = 4
30/30 = 5
Coca-Cola (World Trade // Food Commodity)
1) How many products are made per day? 1.8 million, 1.9 million or 2 billion?
2) How long was their advertising campaign including a famous character?
3) What was a result of this campaign with regards to this character?
4) Shareholders have received how many years of consecutive dividend increases (i.e. profits in the company)?
5) What percentage of the world’s population recognises the red and white logo?
6) How many Facebook fans does Coca-Cola have?
7) How many billion US$ is generated in revenue per year?
8) How many countries worldwide sell Coca-Cola products?
9) How many products does Coca-Cola sell?
10) Where there has been a shortage of bottling capacity, Coca-Cola has been quick to commit to billions of dollars of investment to expand existing bottle factories or build new ones. Give 3 examples of places where this has happened. (2 are continents/part of continents, one is a country)
11) Explain what is meant by the 5by20 programme.
12) What is the name of the organisation within Coca-Cola that awards grants to companies throughout the world?
13) Millions were spent countering the links between Coca-Cola products and obesity; Coca-Cola set up a research foundation promoting hydration. What is its name?
14) How much money did they spend setting up this research foundation? £4.86 million, £4.94 million or £4.99 million?
15) What did this research foundation controversially recommend?
16) Coca-Cola has invested in new plants in expanding markets in Asia and North Africa. How much money was spent on the R&D centre in Shanghai? $90 million, $92 million or $96 million?
17) How much money has been invested in new markets to drive economic growth in India since 2011? $2 billion, $2.2 billion, $2.4 billion?
18) True or false: Coca-Cola replenishes the water it uses.
19) In 2012, what percentage of the world’s population of water did Coca-Cola use? 10%, 25% or 43%?
20) The Centre for Science and Environment found that coke contained how many more times the amount of pesticide residue than is considered acceptable by the EU? 10x more, 23x more or 30x more?
21) In 1990s, how did Coca-Cola allegedly get workers of a bottling plant in Uraba, Columbia, to leave trade unions and accept poorer working conditions?
22) True or false: Coca-Cola were found guilty of this allegation in US courts.
23) In 2005 Coca-Cola commissioned a report into its South American Plant by a private company, Cal Safety Compliance Corporation. Fill in the blanks from their report: “workers in Coca-Cola plants enjoy ____ of ____, collective ____ rights, and a work atmosphere free of anti- ____ ____. (this question is worth 5 points)
0/27 = 1
7/27 = 2
14/27 = 3
21/27 = 4
27/27 = 5
Answers
1) 1.9 billion
2) 30yrs
3) Santa went from green to red
4) 53yrs
5) 94%
6) 107.5 million
7) US$31 billion
8) 200 countries
9) 4300 products
10) Eastern Europe, India, Africa
11) A training and education programme; aimed to empower 5 million female entrepreneurs by 2020
12) Coca-Cola foundation
13) European Hydration Institute
14) £4.86 million
15) That people should consume sports and soft drinks
16) US$90 million
17) $2 billion
18) True – but it must come from a different source, so is it really replenishing it or just depriving other areas of water?
19) 25%
20) 30x more
21) Allegedly, the owner of the plant formed a coalition with the paramilitaries (an unofficial army of a nation and often are not legal) and used fearsome powers to ‘persuade’ workers to leave trade unions and accept poorer conditions. Some say the trade union members have been murdered!
22) Freedom (of) association, bargaining, (anti-)union intimidation
0/27 = 1
7/27 = 2
14/27 = 3
21/27 = 4
27/27 = 5
Antarctica (Threats: Fishing and Whaling)
1) The first threat was the culling of an animal for their fur in South Georgia, which led to this animal being wiped out. What animal was this?
2) When were they wiped out by?
3) Interest in this animal then went elsewhere in Antarctica, where more of them were killed. Where was this?
4) How many of this animal were killed here? 200 000+, 250 000+ or 300 000+?
5) When did whaling start happening in Antarctica?
6) Name two types of whales that were hunted at this time, and 2 products from whaling.
7) In 1904, Norwegians developed a whaling station on South Georgia and the South Shetlands. What was the name of this site?
8) How many people were employed there?
9) Stocks then depleted in what year? 1952, 1959 or 1965?
10) What happened to this site developed by the Norwegians?
11) The species of animal targeted in Q1 then returned to this site. What does this show about the effects of human impact?
12) What is the name of the governing organisation that aims to protect the whales?
13) When was this organisation started?
14) What did it accomplish by 1985?
15) Which country opposes/finds a loophole in this agreement (Q14)? How do they do this?
16) What is the name of the area protected by this organisation, where all types of commercial whaling are banned?
17) When was this area established?
18) How big is this area in km2?
19) How often is the status of this area reviewed?
20) What fish species are high in demand and are being heavily fished in the Southern Ocean by Japan and Russia?
21) What is the significance of this creature in Antarctica?
22) Why is this creature so high in demand in the rest of the world? Give 2 uses/products to be made from them and 2 benefits of these products
0/22 = 1
8/22 = 2
13/22 = 3
17/22 = 4
22/22 = 5
Answers
1) Seals
2) 1800
3) South Shetland Islands
4) 300 000+
5) 19th century
6) Blue whales and right whales, killed for oil and whalebone
7) Grytviken
8) 300
9) 1965
10) Grytviken was abandoned and everything left in a mess
11) It shows that human impact can be overcome!
12) International Whaling Committee (IWC)
13) 1946
14) By 1985 it ended most commercial whaling: most countries agreed to halt the slaughter of whales because stocks were running dangerously low
15) Japan: they have continued to whale inside the Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary for “scientific research purposes” (allowed within IWC agreement)
16) Sothern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
17) 1994
18) 50 million km2 around Antarctica
19) Every 10 years
20) Krill
21) Krill underpin the entire food web of the Southern Ocean so virtually everything in the Antarctic region is dependent on them: a loss of them will affect most other species
22) Healthy protein food in East Asia and ‘krill oil’ health food supplement all over the world. Excellent source of protein, cartons of krill oil capsules can cost £40 for 100 capsules (very high value in health food retail outlets)
0/22 = 1
8/22 = 2
13/22 = 3
17/22 = 4
22/22 = 5
Antarctica (Threats: Climate Change)
1) In the last 50 years, there has been an increase of air temperature in the Antarctic Peninsula, by how many degrees?
2) How have the Southern Ocean temps changed since 1955?
3) Which part/current in the Southern Ocean is warming more rapidly than the global ocean as a whole?
4) Fill in the blanks: Effects of ocean warming include… distribution of ____ colonies has changed; ____ of snow and ice cover => increased ____ by plants; decline in abundance of Antarctic ____ (____ feedback cycle); glaciers and ice shelves fringing the Peninsula have ____ or ____; ice shelves melt => increased ____ ____ of glaciers behind them => rise in ____ ____. (this Q is worth 9 points)
5) True or false: the temperature of East Antarctica has risen more than the temperature of the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet.
6) True or false: there has been more ice lost in East Antarctica than has been lost in Antarctic Peninsula.
7) In 2013, Antarctic sea ice hit an all-time record, which was larger than the continental land mass. how many km2 was the sea ice?
8) Give 2 reasons why sea ice has expanded in East Antarctica.
9) Fill in the blanks about ocean acidification… combustion of ____ ____ => ____ ____ enters atmosphere => creates ____ acid => makes the slightly ________ ocean become slightly less ____. Polar and sub-polar marine systems predicted to get so low with ____ ions within this century that waters may actually become ____ to unprotected shells (like that of ____), which could disrupt the ____ ____. (this Q is worth 8 points)
10) Which organisation governs the threat of climate change in Antarctica?
0/27 = 1
6/27 = 2
14/27 = 3
21/27 = 4
27/27 = 5
Answers
1) 3 degrees
2) Increased by 1 degree
3) Antarctic Circumpolar Current
4) Penguins, melting, colonisation, krill, positive, retreated, collapsed, flow rate, sea levels
5) False, the temperature of East Antarctica has risen by a much smaller amount than the temperature of the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet.
6) False, unlike in the Peninsula, there is no ice lost in Eastern Antarctica
7) 20 million km2
8) More rain and snow (due to climate change) are layering the Southern Ocean with a cooler, denser layer on top; these storms (rain and snow) freshen (dilute) local water, raising the temperature needed for sea ice to form (less sea ice is forming)
9) Fossil fuels, carbon dioxide, carbonic, alkaline, alkaline, carbonate, corrosive, crustaceans, food web
10) International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC)
0/27 = 1
6/27 = 2
14/27 = 3
21/27 = 4
27/27 = 5
