Growth of Apartheid

Question 1

who was Verwoerd

Question 2

aim of Verwoerd

Answer 2

-make apartheid internationally respectable by allowing blacks to develop separately in ‘homelands’ which could become independent nations or ‘Bantustans’
-in a changing world where African colonies were winning independence, he would offer blacks the chance to develop as they wanted separately from the whites, which could become independent nations
-wanted blacks to move to the cities and proportion of white to blacks would increase

Question 3

weaknesses of Verwoerd’s policy

Answer 3

-did not face realities of SA economic and population growth
-growing manufacturing industries needed a well-educated trained black workforce living close to factories
-also needed a better-off urban black population to buy products
-black population was growing, nearly doubling in 20 years from 11m to 21m, whiter cities were not possible
-did not face the harsh overcrowding and lack of employment in Bantustans because he did not allow white businesses to provide employment in Bantustans
-Verwoerd then said he would rather poor and white South Africa instead of rich and multi-racial

Question 4

did people support Verwoerd

Answer 4

-they believed Verwoerd was what they needed
-black people were kept out of sight from white people, e.g. in Johannesburg, whites lived in northern suburbs 15 km or more from Soweto, the main black township

Question 5

impacts of the Bantu Self-Government Act

Answer 5

1959

-partitioned SA into distinct homelands called Bantustans for the 8 different African peoples, separating them from white SA (by 1980, 3m black south Africans were)
-some homelands transitioned to self government status starting with Transkei’s constitution being adopted in 1963 and the opening of the Transkei Legislative Assembly
-contributed to divisions amongst the black population into different tribal and linguistic groups, such as Kaiser Matanzima that welcomed the self government for black political control, and opposers such as Chief Victor Polo of the Transkei as it weakened Blacks

Question 6

Bantu Self-Government Act 1959

Answer 6

1959:
-created 8 Bantu National Units based on division of reserves
-4 Bantustans became independent
-no nations recognised Bantustans as independent states as they were too small - geographical fragments with little economic or social strength. They did not have any real support from the local black people who saw them as artifiical creations of a hostile, white government

Question 7

Separate Amenities Act Impact

Answer 7

1953

-designated public spaces and services reserved for ‘Europeans’ and ‘Non-Europeans’ with inferior provision for non Europeans (90% of parks and recreational facilities in Johannesburg were for whites, and only 10% for others)
(public hospitals for black south Africans received 30% funding per patient vs white hospitals)
-resistance: ed to Defiance Campaign

Question 8

Bantu Education Act

Answer 8

1953

-brought black education fully under the control of the white government
-forced different standards on black and white schools, black pupils were taught in ethnic languages, prepared for limited roles in the homelands after school (-96% of teachers in white schools were certified vs 15% in black)
(by the 1970s the government spending on black education was one tenth of white education per capita)
-extended education to all African children, increasing literacy and numeracy levels
-lead to Soweto Uprising 1976