Growth of American Sea Power Flashcards
1
Q
What occurred in the United States in 1789 that enabled Congress to authorize construction of a Navy?
A
The Articles of Confederation was replaced with the Constitution.
2
Q
What were the names of the first three U.S. Frigates Launched in 1797?
A
The United States
The Constitution
The Constellation
3
Q
How were the warships rated in the days of sail?
A
According to the amount of long-barreled carriage mounted guns that the ship held
4
Q
Who was the U.S. naval officer who fought the two most famous battles of the Quasi-War with France?
A
Thomas Truxton
4
Q
What was the outcome of the Quasi-War?
A
- A peace treaty was signed between the United States and France
- Gave the United States the right of doing free trade.
5
Q
Why was John Adams defeated when he ran for reelection?
A
He promised to reduce the amount of money the government was spending and opposed the Quasi-War.
6
Q
How did the term Preble’s Boys come into being?
A
Edward Preble was a commander at Tripoli and his followers were known as “preble’s boys”
7
Q
Who was the hero of the exploit?
A
Vice Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson.
8
Q
What was the Philadelphia incident?
A
- Occurred on October 31st
- Philadelphia was run aground, to then be captured.
9
Q
What phrase in the Marines’ Hymn refers to this operation?
A
“to the shores of Tripoli”
10
Q
How did William Eaton finally end the war against Tripoli in 1805?
A
- He attacked and captured Derna across the Gulf of Sidra
- Raised the United States flag.
11
Q
What caused American sentiment to turn against the British in the years leading up to the War of 1812?
A
The American sentiment turned when the British started to put down the policy of “impressment” onto American ships.
12
Q
What was the Chesapeake affair?
A
- When the warship named the Chesapeake was boarded and fired on, in Virginia.
- They were not fully armed or prepared to fight back
- Forced them to surrender.
13
Q
What was the U.S. naval strategy for the War of 1812?
A
- Was to protect the nation’s shore and trade routes with squadrons.
*They would consist of hinboats. - They did this while harassing British sea commerce with privateers and the British Navy with attacks by warships.
14
Q
What naval battle fought in August 1812 helped restore Americans sagging spirits?
A
The battles between the warships the USS Constitution and HMS Guerriere.
15
Q
Who was the U.S. naval officer involved?
A
Captain Issac Hull.
16
Q
What famous nickname was the USS Constitution given because of the great naval battle between the USS Constitution and HMS Guerriere?
A
“Old Ironsides”.
17
Q
What was the result of the British blockade of U.S. ports during the War of 1812?
A
They did not let any American ships get out to sea for the rest of the war.
18
Q
What construction uttered by CAPT James Lawrence in the battle between the USS Chesapeake and HMS Shannon became a famous battle cry?
A
“Don’t give up the ship!”
19
Q
What was the result of the Battle of Lake Erie?
A
- It was in September 1813
- American soldiers defeated a British squadron, so Lake Erie is now under American control.
20
Q
What famous song was written during the British attack on Baltimore in 1814?
A
The Star Spangled Banner
21
Q
Who wrote it the Star Spangled Banner
A
Francis Scott Key
22
Q
What was the significance of the battle at Plattsburg on Lake Champlain in 1814?
A
- Occurred in 1814
- It brought an end to the war from reducing demands of the British needs.
23
Q
When and where was the peace treaty ending the War of 1812 signed?
A
Christmas Eve of 1814 in Ghent, Belgium.
24
Why was the Battle of New Orleans fought after the peace treaty ending the War of 1812 was signed?
* The news of signing the treaty traveled rather slowly. * The treaty was signed in Europe so the news did not get back to America yet.
25
Who was the U.S. general who won the battle?
Andrew Jackson
25
What benefits did the United States gain from the War of 1812 around the world?
The United States gained a lot of respect for being able to stand up and keep fighting against the British even when it wasn’t in their odds.
26
What was the chief task of the U.S. Navy following the War of 1812?
To protect and promote trade everywhere in the world.
27
Who was the most notorious of the American pirates in the 1820s?
Jean Laffite
28
What caused the U.S. whaling industry to decline in the 1860s?
* Oil was discovered in Pennsylvania
* This caused the whaling industry to decline in the 1860s.
* They replaced this whale oil with the oil found to create heating and lighting.
29
What was the infamous triangular trade carried on across the Atlantic from the precolonial times to the start of the Civil War?
The Slave Trade
30
Describe the route, the trade used and the cargo carried.
* First, England ships carried rum to West Africa where they traded for slaves.
* Then, they traveled from West Africa to America where they would trade the slaves for sugar and/or molasses.
* FInally, they would travel back to England where the process continues.
31
What was the outcome of the war with Mexico in 1846-48?
* The Treaty of Guadalupe came into action
* It was signed in 1848 and ended the war between Mexico and the United States.
32
What was the Manifest Destiny doctrine in the United States in the mid-1800s?
That the country would stretch all the way from coast to coast and would spread their democracy around the world.
33
What were clipper ships?
Clipper ships were fast, commercial sailing ships that really made trading a lot better as they were specific for that.
34
What were Clipper ships main routes?
They mainly went from America to China.
35
What was the outcome of Perry’s mission to Japan in 1853-54?
* It was referred to as the most important peacetime battle of the century,
*Primarily for the U.S. Navy.
36
What was the last ship in the Continental Navy?
the Alliance
37
What did the Barbary pirate seize in 1784 and 1785?
3 U.S. merchant ships
38
ransom
the sum or price paid to redeem American ships
39
tribute
money paid to the Barbary states so merchants could sail in their waters safely
40
In 1789, what was the Articles of Confederation replaced with?
the Constitution
41
What does the Constitution authorize congress to do?
"provide and maintain a Navy"
42
What happened because of the Napoleon wars?
US Merchant ships fell prey to British warships and French privateers
43
Navy Act of 1794
* Provides for purchase and building of 6 frigates
* Established the US Navy
* Carried a cancelation clause in the event of peace with Algiers
*Washington convinced Congress to complete 3 frigrates in spite of peace
44
Jays Treaty: 1797
* Resolved a number of grievances between the US and British
* Postponed war with British(War of 1812)
* Outraged the French
45
Why did the Jay's treaty outrage the French?
* B/c they're battling Great Britain
* In retaliation, French privateers in the West Indies seized over 300 US merchant ships
*John Adams sent 3 reps. to Paris to work out a settlement with the privateers
46
XYZ Affair
* Congress says "millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute" to the French about taking their ships
* Affair puts U.S. Congress in mode to finish building the 6 frigates
47
What 3 frigates were built in 1794?
The President
The Congress
The Chesapeake
48
When did Congress establish the Department of the Navy?
30 April 1798
49
Quasi-War with France and U.S.
* Undeclared Naval War
* President John Adams expanded the Navy
* Sailors were well paid and well fed
* Congress authorized capture of armed French ships
50
Who was the first secretary of the Navy?
Benjamin Stoddert
51
What ship was captured during the Quasi-War and what was it renamed?
Captured: Croyable
Renamed: The Retaliation
52
expedition
an excursion, journey, or voyage made for some specific journey
53
commodore
an honorary title assumed by an officer commanding a company of ships which was the captain and the highest rank in the U.S. Navy until the Civil War
54
Commodre John Barry
55
What commodore fought the two most ships in the Quasi-War on the Constellation?
Commodre Thomas Truxton
56
Who was defeated in the ship Retaliation in fall of 1798?
* Lieutenant William Bainbridge
*The ship was then given to French hands
57
In October of 1800, who signed a treaty ending the undeclared war(Quasi-War)?
France
58
Treaty ending Quasi-War
* A clause canceling U.S. claims against the French for attacking
* Jefferson beat Adams in election of 180 b/c of treaty
59
Why did the British burn the White House?
* Wanted to assert their strength
* Wanted more land + lakes
60
Who had 12,000 troops in Montreal and 4 brigade from the Peninsular Campaign against Napoleon?
Sir George Prevost
61
What was the order of naval grades and seniority in 1806?
Captain
Master Commandant
Lieutenant
Sailing Master
Master Mate
Boatswain
Midshipman
62
British forces vs. American forces
British
* Frigate Confiance
*37 guns
*3 smaller warships
American
* Corvette Swatoga
*26 guns
* Brig Eagle
*20 guns, 2 sailing vessels, 10 gunboats
63
Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough
* Had a victory at Plattsburg
64
Invasion of New Orleans
* January 1850
* British General Sirtdward Pakenham
* American General Andrew Jackson
*Pakenham marched his men in frontal assault against Jackson riflemen
*2,000 of his troops got wounded or debt
65
Last land action of the War of 1812
* Battle of Plattsburgh
* The navy came from the War of 1812 stronger than ever
66
What did steam propulsions bring in?
* Screw propeller
* Iron hull
* armour
* heavy ordnance with the 1st rifled barrels
67
From 1815 to 1860 what happened?
* NO major battles/wars
* Americans flourish
* Chief task:
*protect overseas commerce
*the sea lanes
68
From 1815 to 1822, what did pirates from the West Indies do?
Attacked 3,000 merchant ships
69
In 1819, what did congress authorize President James Monroe to do?
Launch a campaign against the pirates
70
Why was whaling so important in the Colonial America early 1700s and until the 1860s?
* Every aspect of a whale was used
* Used skin, bone, blubber, etc...
* Also used the oil
71
In 1846, what did Americans have?
Over 700 ships for whaling fleets
72
How did whaling end?
* Discovery of oil
*in 1859, it was discovered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* Change of styles/needs
*Umbrellas, clothing, etc...
* Civil War
*Confederate raiders attacked and destroyed many Northern whaling fleets
*1870s: weather killed off the surviving whaling fleets
73
American shipbuilding
British investors were buying fishing vessels to harvest schools of fish
74
Why did they put an end to trade in 1822?
Damage to American trade became so great in the Caribbean
75
Commodre Porter took command of West Indies squadron and used what?
Smaller vessels
Gunboats
First steam powered paddle!
76
Where did American merchant ships in the 18th century expand trade to?
Hawaii
The orient
Pacific coast to Columbia river
77
Why were topsail schooners used?
* Combined speed
* Seaworthiness
* Easy handling with ample cargo
78
What materials were carried from and to Europe?
From: complete materials
To: raw materials
79
What were the living conditions like in package ships?
* For rich:
*Has luxurious items
* Everyone else:
*TERRIBLE
*poor food
*without sanitary products
*packed like sardines
80
What was the lasting effects of the package ships?
immigrants to the United States
81
Slave trade
* Developed in 1700s and went to mid 1900s
* During peak time, many slaves died
* 15 million black Africans were transported to slavery in triangular trade
82
What was the trade in the slave trade?
West Indies gave molasses to Boston
Boston gave rum to northeast
Northeast gave slaves to West Indies
83
What happened following the War of 1812?
* British made treaties with European nations
* Allowed Royal Navy ships to search and capture ant of their vessels involved in the slave trade
* us refused to sign treaties
84
In 1819, what did the U.S. Navy authorize the Navy to do?
Through conduct anti-slave patrols off the African coast
85
What is the capital of Liberia named and who is it named after?
Monravlia
James Monroe
86
China Trade
1784: American ships began thriving in part of China trade
1825: American trade with China was 2nd only to that of England
1840: Trade stopped
1842: Reestablished China trade routes
Trade was tea, silk, ivory, and luxuries
87
Clipper ships
Very important and useful because of their speed
88
What was the fastest ship(clipper) in the world?
The Rainbow
89
Where and when was gold discovered?
In 1848 at Sutters Mill, California
90
Why did the Clipper industry collapse?
* Expenses
* Declining profits
* Completion of railroads
* Steamships also overtook
91
When did trade reopen with China and what did Americans do?
1842
Americans focused on Japan
92
When was the first continental stagecoach?
1858
93
What was isolation from 1637 to 1852?
* Japan isolated from the world
* Kept Japan in federal state without advances of the society, tech, science, & etc...
94
What was lost face in 1846?
* When you were seen as a weak individual
* To have suffered disgrace or embarrassment
95
What were Americans 4 interests in Japan?
* The Japanese market
* A coaling station for ships crossing the Pacific to China
* Protection for shipwrecked sailors
* Most favorite nation status
96
What was Perry's mission?
Perry was to carry a letter from President Filmore to the Emperor of Japan.
97
What happened on 8 July 1853?
* Perry with steam frigates anchored at entrance to Tokyo Bay
* Had his guns ready and accessible
* Refused to deal with anyone ranks below him
98
What was the Treaty of Kanagawan?
* Signed in March 1854
* Provided most favorite nation status
99
What ship was sold in 1783?
The Alliance
100
What treaty ended the Quasi-War with France?
Jays Treaty
101
What battle does the USS Constition get its nickname "old ironsides"?
Constitution vs. Gurriere
in 19 August 1812
102
What purchase did Thomas Jefferson make?
the deal of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory
*Britain is outraged
103
What was the major industry grow from 1815 to 1860?
Slave trade
Shipping industry
Whaling
Triangular Trade
104
Who lead Arervens into battle at Tripoli?
Naval Agent William Eaton
105
Why did the United States declare war on the Barbary states less than 2 months after peace treaty was signed?
News travels really slow and they didn't know yet
106
What was the most "peacetime battle" of the 19th century?
Perry's successful mission to Japan
107
When did James Madison become president?
1810
108
When James Madison became president, what did he do?
* Lifted the export embargo
* Ceased importing from any countries with restrictions on U.S. trade
109
Battle of Lake Eire
* Commodre Oliver Hazard Perry
* He defeated the British forces
