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NS11 > American Revolution > Flashcards

American Revolution Flashcards

1
Q

7 Years War(1756-1763)

A
  • Spain. France, and England
  • British captured French and Spanish colonial possessions around the world b/c of superior naval strength
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2
Q

William Pitt

A

Responsible for naval strategies that won England half the world by end of 7 Years War

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3
Q

Why did the British navy decline after the Seven Year’s War?

A

War debt

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4
Q

Who began to rebuild their navy right after the Seven Year’s War?

A

France

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5
Q

Who benefited during the Seven Year’s War?

A

The American colonies grew and prospered

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5
Q

The Revenue Act of 1763

A
  • Passed to pay off war debts built up during Seven Year’s War
  • Taxed England’s exports to the colonies, passed by King George III
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6
Q

The Stamp Act of 1765

A

Required that every paper documents carry a stamp on it to raise money for the defense of the colonies

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7
Q

Townshend Act of 1767

A

Taxed paper, lead, and tea

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8
Q

Bottom Massacre (5 March 1770)

A
  • British soldiers shot and killed several people including Crispus Attucks
  • They were the first casualties of the American Revolution
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9
Q

Boston Tea Party 1773

A

Samuel Adams and Bostonians, disguised as Indians, dumped British tea into the harbor rather than pay taxes on it

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10
Q

The Coercive Acts

A
  • Passed in response for Boston tea Party
  • Closed the port of Boston
  • Abolished the right of the people of Massachusetts to select their own council
  • Restricted other civil liberties
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11
Q

Lexington and Concord 1775

A
  • Stockpiling arms(American)
  • Colonies supply ship building materials
    *
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12
Q

sea lines of communication

A

allows for trade overseas

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13
Q

sea Lind of coastal communication

A

intercostal ships to move across to any nation

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13
Q

What did the colonies supply England with?

A

Most of Englands ship building materials such as timber for mast/hulls, turpentine, pitch, and tar

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14
Q

Privateers

A
  • Armed American merchant ships that had helped the British win the 7 year’s war
  • like pirates
  • had the blessing of the Continental Congress if they helped the British
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15
Q

What did privateers do during the beginning of the Revolutionary War?

A

They captured British ships and goods with the blessing of the Continental Congress

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16
Q

Why did the colonies present tactical problem for the British?

A

They has a 1,800 mile long Eats coast

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17
Q

Continental Congress - July 1775

A
  • To petition Kind George III to restore liberty to the colonies in a final attempt to avoid war
  • King George refuses to petition (Olive Branch pet.)
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17
Q

Who took command of the Continental Army - 3 July 1775?

A

George Washington; knew they needed a strong army and navy

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18
Q

First sea fight of the revolution

A
  • Group of marine backwoodsmen captured the British Cutter Margaretta and its supplied
  • 775 - 1776
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19
Q

Early colonial navy

A
  • Virginia and South Carolina donated most ships and have large squadrons of small ships
  • These ships carried coastal commerce
  • Attacked by British supply boats
  • Kept open the coastal lines of communication on which so much life in the colonies depended.
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20
Q

The Coastal Calvary

A
  • Congress was initially reluctant to establish a continental navy decays elf the “coastal calvary force”
  • Thought that warships built and named by colonists would NOT be able to stand up to powerful ships of the Royal Navy(British)
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21
Q

What was the only colony not to put in ships to the early colonial navy?

A

New Hampshire

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22
Q

What were the first ships that Congress brought into the Coastal Calvary?

A
  • Andrew Doria and Cabot to intercept British supply ships
  • Later on, they added 2 larger ships the Alfred and Columbus
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23
Q

How were privateers beneficial throughout the war?

A
  • They captured 2,200 British vessels by the war’s end
  • Many privateer captains would become famous in the U.S. Navy(John Paul Jones)
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24
Q

How many ships did George Washington commission in 1775?

A
  • 7 warships
  • used to capture British supplies, his “navy” took muskets, shot, and a mortar
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25
Q

When and where was the Marine Corps established?

A

10 November 1775
Tun Tavern, Philadelphia

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26
Q

Personnel Problems

A
  • In the beginning of war, men were excited to serve
  • As it continued, it was difficult to recruit b/c:
    *strict discipline
    *low pay
    *poor rewards
  • without people, some ships were unable to op. to sea
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27
Q

Impressment

A

forcing men to serve in the Navy by taking them on ship against their will

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28
Q

What was the first ship commissioned and who raised first flag in it?

A

The Alfred
John Paul Jones

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29
Q

Esek Hopkins

A

The First Continental naval squadron commander in chief

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30
Q

First Continental Naval Squadron

A

Composed of six small schooners, brigs, and sloops assembled at Philadelphia

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31
Q

February 1776

A
  • Congress directs Esek Hopkins to neutralize loyalist craft in the Virginia Capes
  • He sailed to New Providence in Bahamas and overcame two British forts and took more than 80 artillery pieces, power, and naval stores
  • Hopkins sailed home to New England with captured supplies
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32
Q

Artillery

A

Mounted, projectile firing guns or missile launchers

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33
Q

April 5

A
  • Squadrons came upon the 20-gun British corvette Glasgow
  • Outnumbered 6 to 1, the Glasgow was able to escape after damaging many of the squadron’s ships
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34
Q

Privateer Mentality

A
  • Squadron captain were privateersmen
    who wouldn’t cooperate with each other, teach their men gunnery, or maintain squadron discipline
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35
Q

Captain Tom Hazard

A
  • Was dismissed doe cowardice
    *His ship was given to Lieutenant John Paul Jones
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36
Q

Importance of Nassau Expedition

A

Turned out to be the last time American ships would be put to sea as a squadron during war

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37
Q

August 1776: John Paul Jones

A
  • In a single month, Jones captured 16 enemy vessels and destroyed many others
  • JPJ would become legendary among early American naval leaders
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38
Q

American Invasion of Canada 1775

A
  • General Montgomery and General Arnold
  • When British reinforcements arrived(General John Burgoyne and General Sir Guy Charlton) the Americans retreated toward the colonies
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39
Q

Reinforcements

A

an additional supply of personnel, ships, or material for a military force

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40
Q

4 July 1776

A

Declaration of Independent was signed

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41
Q

rebellion

A

open, organized, and armed resistance to one’s government or ruler

42
Q

March 1776 Boston

A
  • General Sir William Howe held the city of Boston
  • Washington held his ships in the water and surrounded him with cannons threatening to shoot
  • General Howe leaves
43
Q

militia

A

a body of citizen soldiers, not professional

44
Q

Halifax, Nova Scotia importance

A

British troops and 1,000 loyalists escape by ship to here

45
Q

Day after Declaration of Independence is signed

A

General Howe sails south and joins Generals Clinton and Cornwallis at New York the day after it was signed

46
Q

New York December 1776

A
  • The British had 500 ships anchored off Staten Island
  • The Americans did not have a single warship to keep the enermy out of New York
  • The British has over 30,000 soldiers
  • Americans only has 20,000 many untrained militiamen
  • Americans were driven from Long Island and them from White Plains, NY
47
Q

Why did American forces only have about 2,000 men in December 1776?

A
  • Casualties and desertion
  • End of enlistments
  • Men going home to take care of families for winter
48
Q

Christmas Eve 1776

A
  • Washington crosses the Delaware
  • Surprised the enemy at Trenton for a HUGE victory
  • After victory, Washington surprised British again at Princeton for another HUGE victory
  • Americans saved capital at Philadelphia
49
Q

Where were the British and Americans in the winter of 1776?

A
  • Washington wintered at Morristown, NJ
  • British winterd at New York, NY
50
Q

How was the war going in 1776 to early 1777; after the surprise attacks?

A
  • The Americans saved the Capital in Philadelphia
  • The tide was turning in favor of the Americans
51
Q

British planned 3-Pronged attack - Summer of 1776

A
  • General Burgoyne marches south from Montreal with 8,000 men to Hudson Valley
  • Led by St. Leger, army of pro-British Tories and Indians march east from Lake Ontario
  • The three forces were to meet in Albany, New York, splitting the colonies in half and get them to surrender
52
Q

General Burgoyne - Early July to Late August

A

Captures Fort Ticonderoga, then the Patriot militia beat the Tories and Indians near Fort Stanwix

53
Q

General Howe’s Fatal Decision

A

How decided to take Philadelphia en route to meeting General Burgoyne in Albany, NY
TURNING POINT OF WAR

54
Q

10 and 11 September 1777
Battle at Philadelphia

A

The Americans were no match for the superior British forces, and after 2 days at battle, the British marched into Philly and Continental Congress fled

55
Q

Where did forces meet in winter 1777

A
  • Howe quartered his army in Philly
  • Washington’s men faced cold and hunger at Valley Forge
56
Q

First Phase
September 1777

A
  • Burgoyne marched his men, European style, through an open field to break through the American lunes near Saratoga, NY
  • British made easy targets for American sharpshooters who fired from behind trees
57
Q

Second Phase
7 October 1777

A
  • Burgoyne led his trapped Redcoats in finals attempt to break through American lines
  • Daniel Morgan mowed down the British, Benedict Arnold led charge
  • Major Horatio Gates was gathering growing force of Americans
58
Q

Turning Point of the Revolutionary War

A

General Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga 1777

59
Q

Significance of the Battle of Saratoga

A
  • British government was less willing to carry on war
  • France, Spain and Netherlands came into the was as colonial allies
60
Q

Who is Americas first and oldest ally?

A

France

61
Q

Treaty of Friendship with France 1778

A
  • Benjamin Franklin went to France to sign this
  • Provided money & support
62
Q

American Naval Efforts Throughout the War

A
  • Mostly a nuisance to Britain, didn’t affect the outcome the war
  • Washington was right, naval power did decide outcome of war, but it was the French, not American naval power that made the difference
  • Privateers did more than the Navy; hurt the British trade in the West, delayed troops reinforcements, and captured needed arms/supplues
63
Q

John Paul Jones

A
  • Most famous officer in the Continental Army
  • First ensign on Alfred
  • Buried in Naval Academy
  • Renamed the East Indiaman the Bonhomme Richard in honor of Benjamin Franklin
    *wrote Poor Richard’s Almanac
64
Q

Bonhomme Richard vs. HMS Serapis

A

As Bonhomme Richard slowly began to sink, John Paul Jones was asked if he was ready to strike but replied “I have not yet begun to fight!”

65
Q

broadship

A

simultaneously firing all of the guns on one side of the warship

66
Q

grapple

A

a hook/iron instrument by which one thing, as a ship, fastens on to another

67
Q

forestay

A

a line running from the upper part of the mast to the bow of the boat

68
Q

mainmast

A

the second mast out of the three masts

69
Q

topside

A

the outer surface of a hull above the water

70
Q

weatherdeck

A

any deck exposed to the weather

71
Q

mizzenmast

A

third mast

71
Q

grenade

A

a small shell containing an explosive and thrown by hand

72
Q

powder cartridge

A

a cylindrical container designed to hold gunpowder for cannons or rifles

73
Q

British Strategy in 1778

A
  • Maintain the defense in Northern colonies
  • Mount an offense in Southern colonies
  • Take war to East Indies
74
Q

Sir Henry Clinton

A
  • Commanded British forces in the colonies
  • Abandoned Philly to reinforce NYC
75
Q

VADM Comte d’Estaing

A
  • En route to America w/ French fleet of 12 ships
  • Arrived at New York on 11 July 1778 in attempt to assist General Washington
  • Unable to enter, went to Caravan and remained there for over a year
76
Q

September 1779 New York

A
  • French Fleet retunes to try and help capture NY
  • British held off French and Americans
  • French returns to France
  • Confident that Washington’s troops were not a threat, Clinton set sail for Charleston, SC and surrounded American forces
77
Q

What battle would the remaining Continental Navy be captured?

A

Battle of Charleston, 1780

78
Q

General Cornwallis
Southern Campaigns

A
  • Defeated Gates at Camden, South Carolina
  • Moved to North Carolina, Washington could do nothing to stop him.
79
Q

October 1780
General Greene

A

His troops defeated a Troy force at King’s Mountain, SC

80
Q

Cowpens SC

A

General Morgan defeats General Tarleton

81
Q

Cornwallis, Morgan, and Greene in NC

A

Cornwallis followed Morgan and Greene through North Carolina and won a battle at Guilford Courthouse, but lost so many men –> retreat

82
Q

General Lafayette

A
  • Sent word to Washington of Cornwallis’ entrenchment at Yorktown on Chesapeake Bay
  • Him and General “mad” Anthony Wayne commanded 5,000 militia in the area and kept Cornwallis under observation
83
Q

General Comte de Rochambeau

A

Him and Washington agreed to battle General Clinton’s superior troops in New York even though French reinforcements did not arrive in May 1781

84
Q

Admiral de Grasses
14 August 1781

A
  • General Washington wrote the French minister asking that de grasses come north from the West Indians to help in NY operation
  • ADM de Grasses reported that he would arrive in the Chesapeake area wit more than 25 warships and 3,000 troops in September 1781
85
Q

Battle of Yorktown

A
  • General Washington’s 4,500 Americans with 5,500 troops, marched from NY to Yorktown to battle British
  • On 9 October 1781, 20,000 American and French troops attacked the British
  • General Cornwallis surrendered his army of 7,600 men on 19 October 1781
86
Q

How long was the Battle of York Town?

A

10 DAY BATTLE

87
Q

How did England feel after the Battle of Yorktown?

A

England was tired of war and knew they faced powerful forces of France, Spain and Holland in Europe

88
Q

American Peace Delegation

A
  • Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, and John Adams signed it
  • Ends American Revolution
89
Q

delegation

A

group of people chosen to represent a political entity such as a country of state

90
Q

Treaty of Paris 1783

A

Treaty between England and the colonies, formally ended the American Revolutionary War
* 3 September 1783

91
Q

How was the Continental Navy against Brit. Navy?

A

Ineffectual against Navy of England –> France was

92
Q

General Benedict Arnold

A

Commanded the American troops in the Battle on Lake Champlain

93
Q

Timeline(1775-1783)

A
  • 1775 - Revolution began
  • 13 Oct 1775 - Congress established Navy
  • 11-13 Oct 1776 - Battle of Lack Champlain
  • 25 Dec 1776 - Washington crossed Delaware River
  • 17 Oct 1777 - Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga
  • 6 Feb 1778 - France allied with America
  • 23 Sept 1779 - Jones defeated Serapis
  • 12 May 1780 - Charleston surrendered
  • 9-19 Oct 1781 - Battle of Yorktown
94
Q

Several colonists were killed by British troops in 1770 during a protest over taxation in what city?

A

Boston

95
Q

What was the name of the ship captured in 1775 by Jeremiah O’Brien and his Main backwoodsmen?

A

Cutter Margaretta

96
Q

What date did Congress agree to finance the start of the Continental Navy?

A

13 October 1775

97
Q

Although it was a military defeat, how was the Battle of Lake Champlain a tactical victory for the colonists?

A

It stopped the southerly advance of the British and gave the colonists until the following spring to regroup and train their forces

98
Q

Instead of meeting General Burgoyne in Albany, which city did General Howe capture?

A

Philadelphia

99
Q

In October 1777, General Burgoyne surrounded to the American troops in what city?

A

Saratoga

100
Q

Why was the American victory at Saratoga of great importance?

A

The victory Brough the French into the war on the American side

101
Q

Who made the famous reply “I have not yet begun to fight!”

A

John Paul Jones

102
Q

What was the purpose of the British 3-pronged attack in 1777?

A

To divide the colonies

103
Q

Why was the Congress reluctant to form a continental navy?

A
  • They felt that it would be powerless agains the British fleet
  • They felt that the “coastal calvary was sufficient
104
Q

Burgoyne’s defeat at Saratoga was called the turning point of the was but what was its significance?

A
  • It brought the French into the war as American allies
  • Britain was no longer willing to carry on the war
105
Q

What 4 reasons was it difficult for England to fight a naval battle with the colonies?

A
  • England dependent on the colonies for building supplies
  • Many British officers felt the Americans should be treated as English citizens and refused to fight against them
  • England’s former privateers were now fighting for the colonies
  • The American coastline was too long to patrol successfully

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