growth in children 2 Flashcards
4 domains of child development
gross motor skills (position, walking etc.), fine motor skills (hand movement using eyes), speech and language skills, social skills
child development between 2 months and 4 years, using domains of child development
2 months (Moro reflex) -> 6 months (sit down) -> 8 months (able to hold small object) -> 2 years old (some speech, pointing, listening, walking easily, used to activity (e.g. use a brush)) -> 4 years (hold pen and draw, write name, kick, name colours)
describe variability of developmental progress
fast in first few years of life, but with a wide normal range for motor development, speech etc.
describe 3 worrying signs for developmental progress
slow but steady outside of wide normal range, plateau, regression
5 common problems in development
delayed walker (motor cortex), clumsy child, delayed speech and language (Wernicke and Broca), odd social interaction (ASD, Aspergers), hyperactivity (ADHD; pre-frontal cortex affecting dopaminergic pathways)
describe features of autism
impairments in way communicate, repetitive behaviour, solitary play, avoid gaze of others, preoccupied with objects and light
describe features of cerebral palsy
affects corticospinal pathway (somatic motor movement) e.g. flexor excess over extensor so walk on tip-toes etc.
3 timings of factors which affect developing human
prenatal, perinatal, postnatal
examples of prenatal insult causing neurodevelopmental problems
teratogens, nutritional deficit
4 causes of delayed development
ill health, reduced inherent potential, sensory/motor impairment, lack of physical and/or psychological stimuli
subtypes of developmental delay
global (all 4 domains), or specific (language, motor, sensory or cognitive)
causes of global delay
chromosomal abnormalities (e.g. Down’s), metabolic (e.g. hypothyroidism), antenatal and perinatal factors (e.g. infections, drugs, anoxia, trauma, folate deficiency), environmental-social issues, chronic illness
causes of motor delay
cerebral palsy, Down’s (global), social deprivation, Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy, neural tube defects (e.g. spina bifida), hydrocephalus
causes of language delay
hearing loss, learning disability, autistic spectrum disorder, lack of stimulation, impaired comprehension of language (dysphasia), impaired speech production (dysarthria)
approach to developmental assessment
ask -> observe -> task; need to assess milestones preceding age and expected milestones for age
