Growth & Development of Children

Question 1

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 1

Piaget: birth-2 years
Formation of concept of object permanence
Gradual progression from reflexive behavior to goal-directed behavior

Question 2

Preoperational Stage

Answer 2

Piaget: 2-7 years
Development of ability to use symbols to represent objects in the world
Thinking is egocentric and centered
Lack understanding of the principle of conservation (ex: tall thin cup into wide short cup)
Learn through imagination and play (use of dolls & puppets may be helpful)

Question 3

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 3

Piaget: 7-11 years
Able to think logically
New abilities: use of operations that are reversible, inferred reality, seriation, transitivity
Not able to think abstractly yet
Build ideas one at a time and are unable to keep more than one idea at a time, ideas will change when presented w/ different facts

Question 4

Formal Operational Stage

Answer 4

Piaget: 11 yrs - adulthood
Able to deal w/ hypothetical situations and monitor own thinking
Able to think abstractly and symbolically
Problems can be solved through the use of systematic experimentation
Usually between 11-15, but there are many people who never reach this stage
Teens make inappropriate choices even though they are cognitively aware of the facts

Question 5

Trust vs. Mistrust

Answer 5

Erikson: Stage 1
Birth - 18 months
Goal: develop a basic trust in the world

Question 6

Autonomy vs. Doubt

Answer 6

Erikson: Stage 2
18 months - 3 years
Child’s desires for power and dependence often clash w/ the wishes of the parent

Question 7

Initiative vs. Guilt

Answer 7

Erikson: Stage 3
3-6 years
Typical behavior: vigorous exploration of their physical and social behavior

Question 8

Industry vs. Ineriority

Answer 8

Erikson: Stage 4
6-12 years
Success brings a sense of industry, a good feeling about oneself an one’s abilities
Failure creates a negative self-image, a sense of inadequacy that may hinder future learning

Question 9

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 9

Erikson: Stage 6
Young adulthood

Question 10

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 10

Erikson: Stage 5
12-18 years
“Who am I” becomes important during adolescence
Teens experiment w/ various sexual, occupational, and educational roles as the try to find out who they are and who they can be = new sense of self, “ego identity”

Question 11

Generativity vs. Self-Absorption

Answer 11

Erikson: Stage 7
Middle adulthood
Generativity = the interest in establishing and guiding the next generation

Question 12

Integrity vs. Despair

Answer 12

Erikson: Stage 8
Late adulthood
People look back over their lifetime and resolve their final identity crisis

Question 13

Preconventional Level Stage 1

Answer 13

Kohlberg: Punishment & Obedience Orientation
Other people make the rules
Avoidance of punishment is most important to the child
Results of an action determine whether it was a good or bad thing to do

Question 14

Preconventional Level Stage 2

Answer 14

Kohlberg: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
Other people make the rules
Avoidance of punishment is the most important to the child
The right thing to do is determined by what satisfies one’s own needs or others’ needs

Question 15

Conventional Level Stage 3

Answer 15

Kohlberg: “Good Boy-Good Girl” Orientation
Other people make the rules and sometimes one must sacrifice one’s own needs to the needs of the group
May question rules that may not seem fair or applied equally
Judgment re: one’s behavior is determined by others’ approval, being “nice” helps earn that approval

Question 16

Conventional Level Stage 4

Answer 16

Kohlberg: “Law and Order” Orientation
Other people make the rules and sometimes one must sacrifice one’s own needs to the needs of the group
May question rules that may not seem fair or applied equally
The “right thing to do” is based on doing what is expected of you, respecting authority, and following society’s rules

Question 17

Postconventional Level Stage 5

Answer 17

Kohlberg: Social Contract Orientation
One’s own ethics guide one’s action
The “right thing to do” is based on individual rights agreed upon by society
Laws can be changed for society’s benefit

Question 18

Postconventional Level Stage 6

Answer 18

Kohlberg: Universal Ethical Principle Orientation
One’s own ethics guide one’s action
Personal ethics and one’s own conscience determine what is right or wrong