Foundations of Knowledge

Question 1

Causes of developmental delays

Answer 1

Malnutrition, autism, chromosome damage, infection during pregnancy, epilepsy, cerebral palsy

Question 2

Dyspraxia

Answer 2

Developmental coordination disorder, child has uneven development in multiple systems, such as speech and fine motor control, may require intensive therapy and medication

Question 3

Pituitary gland

Answer 3

Makes the gonads produce sex hormones
Children with pituitary insufficiency have brittle bones, height or weight problems, are infertile, and fail to sexually mature with their peers
Often teased in school because of weight/height and ostracized in high school because of their childish appearance

Question 4

Innate chromosomal problems

Answer 4

Down syndrome and Tay Sachs disease

Question 5

Acquired biological problem

Answer 5

Deafness from rubella during pregnancy
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Thalidomide use resulting in flipper arms
Head injury resulting in epilepsy

Question 6

Biological conditions

Answer 6

Can be either innate or acquired
Drugs or therapy can sometimes modify biological conditions (ex: meds for ADHD)
Are improved or worsened by the child’s environment, education, socialization, health practices, and socioeconomic status
School readiness programs, early diagnosis, remedial education, and adaptations greatly help a biologically disabled child cope

Question 7

Leading causes of child death

Answer 7

Environmental: accidental injuries, traffic deaths, drownings, burns, falls, and poisonings
The CSN improves the child’s environment through regular safety audits an advocating for safety enhancements
Improving the child’s environment positively impacts growth, development, and learning and rates of morbidity and mortality

Question 8

Lead contamination

Answer 8

Results in hyperactivity, hearing loss, and learning disabilities

Question 9

Culture

Answer 9

Shared identity based on a common language, ideology, values, or attitude
The CSN must show respect to all cultures/beliefs, even if she doesn’t agree with their beliefs

Question 10

Students whose first language is not English

Answer 10

Often present with sleep disorders, anxiety, headaches, and mood swings
More likely than other children to be placed in SPED classes or streamed into vocational training because of language difficulties

Question 11

Socioeconomics

Answer 11

Parents’ level of education, occupation, and income
Poverty is the greatest determinant of a child’s health
Impoverished children are statistically more likely to be disabled, physically or mentally ill, drop out of school, commit crimes, and die from risk-taking behaviors (ex: drugs)
Children in countries with even income distribution tend to the have the highest quality of life, lowest mortality, and longest life expectancy

Question 12

Substance abuse in children

Answer 12

Causes permanent learning disabilities
Leads to addiction in the developing brain
Drugs that damage the brain’s emotional centers (limbic and autonomic systems) cause mood swings, memory loss, anxiety, aggression, depression, paranoia, hallucinations, and obsessions/compulsions
Ex: marijuana damages brain’s emotional centers - teens who smoke before 16 y/o are 4x more likely to develop schizophrenia

Question 13

Abuse, neglect, and violence

Answer 13

Brain damage from violent abuse creates cognitive delays and emotional problems
Initially develop anxiety and depression
Coping mechanisms include overeating, risk taking, and substance abuse
Abused children often develop obesity, STDs or cancer

Question 14

Indicators of abuse, neglect, and violence: Abused infant

Answer 14

Withdrawn, depressed, and does not meet developmental milestones
Look for bone fractures, spinal cord and neck damage, and intracranial bleeding

Question 15

Indicators of abuse, neglect, and violence: Abused toddlers

Answer 15

Slow brain development
May have 2x as many behavioral problems as the general population

Question 16

Indicators of abuse, neglect, and violence: Abused school-age children

Answer 16

Poor classroom functioning and low academic scores
Abused foster children lag in their language development, cognitive capacity, and academic achievement

Question 17

Indicators of abuse, neglect, and violence: Abused Teens

Answer 17

25% more likely to abuse drugs, become pregnant, become delinquent, engage in risky sex, develop mental illness, or have low academic achievement
Are 3x more likely to be violent during criminal acts

Question 18

Indicators of abuse, neglect, and violence: Abused 21 year olds

Answer 18

80% have a psychiatric disorder
Suicide attempts, dissociation, panic attacks, borderline personality, ADHD, anger, PTSD reactive attachment, and depression are common
They are fearful, isolated, mistrustful, and prone to choose bad partners
1/3 will abuse their own children

Question 19

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Answer 19

Pyramid featuring human necessities at its base, extending to higher needs at the summit
Lower needs must be met before the child can evolve to realize the higher needs
Basic survival (physiological) needs are breathing, water, food, warmth, shelter, sleep, excretion, and sex
The next level is safety needs - personal & family security, good health, employment, resources for comfort, property, and basic morality
Next level is love - includes need for friendship, family, and an intimate sex partner
Next level is esteem - includes confidence, self-esteem, respect for self & others, and need for achievement
Peak is spontaneous creativity, acceptance, problem solving, and higher morality (lack of prejudice)

Question 20

Health issues that affect preschoolers

Answer 20

Lice and otitis media

Question 21

Lice

Answer 21

Heavy infestation causes anemia
Remove lice with a nit comb and conditioner
Wash all clothing and bedding in very hot water
Vacuum furniture and place in a plastic bag for at least 48 hours
DO NOT EXCLUDE FROM SCHOOL

Question 22

Health issues that affect children K - middle school

Answer 22

Encopresis (incontinent diarrhea) - caused by constipation
Stomachaches

Question 23

Health issues that affect young teens (13-16)

Answer 23

Gynecomastia (man boobs)
Girls with heavy menstruation (menorrhagia) can have iron-deficiency anemia - soaks more than 16 pads/period or one pad/hour. May be irritable, withdrawn, and have poor academic performance

Question 24

Health issues that affect older teens (17-19)

Answer 24

Mononucleosis - extreme fatigue, sore throat, enlarged tonsils, high fever, swollen spleen. Avoid contact sports for 2 months to avoid ruptured spleen/liver
Acne vulgaris - caused by hormonal fluctuations

Question 25

Medication and educational behavior

Answer 25

Antidepressants can produce agitation or suicidality
Mistimed ADHD stimulants can cause periods of sleeplessness and anorexia, followed by extreme hunger, which diminishes the ability to learn
Psychiatric meds can make the child have a flat affect or bizarre tics and dyskinesia
Abrupt cessation of a drug without a weaning period can cause intense withdrawal symptoms, or it can be deadly

Question 26

9 components of diversity

Answer 26

Culture, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, language, religion, socioeconomic background, and disability
Diversity affects epidemiology, delivery of care, lifecycle events, values, beliefs, communication, empowerment, and clinical decision making
The CSN understands that diversity impacts the child’s resilience, attachments, and motivation to change

Question 27

Cognitive abilites

Answer 27

Mental skills that the child uses to gain and retain knowledge
Include concentration, focus, logical thinking, memory, and perception
Can be improved through interventions and frequent practice

Question 28

Multiple Intelligence Inventory

Answer 28

Identifies how a child learns best
Determines if child is a linguistic, spatial, musical, logical/mathematical, kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, or naturalistic learner

Question 29

Life experiences - experiential learning cycle

Answer 29

5 step process:
1. experiences a concrete learning activity
2. shares the results w/ the class and reactions to it
3. processes the learning experience by reflecting on it and gaining insight
4. generalizes what is learned by comparing it to his prior experiences
5. applies new learning experience to other situations and considers how it might be useful in the future, or how it could be improved

Help students apply the lessons to the outside world by asking: “What would you like to do with this new info now? How could you make this info better or more useful?”

Question 30

Incorporating the IL learning standards: early elementary students

Answer 30

signs and symptoms of illness, hand washing, tooth brushing and flossing, immunization, cleanliness, food and sleep hygiene, stranger danger, traffic, poisoning, and misuse of medicine

Question 31

Incorporating the IL learning standards: late elementary students

Answer 31

disease prevention, early disease detection and treatment, and risk reduction through safety equipment (e.g., sunscreen, seat belts, ,and helmets)

Question 32

Incorporating the IL learning standards: middle school and junior high students

Answer 32

exercise, diet, refusing drug experimentation, risk management for cancer, heart disease, and injuries from walking, biking, swimming, and driving, and careers in health care, injury prevention, and health promotion

Question 33

Incorporating the IL learning standards: early high-schoolers

Answer 33

communicable, degenerative, and chronic diseases, health promotion and injury prevention, emergency first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and has students research and report about a career in health care, injury prevention, or health promotion

Question 34

Incorporating the IL learning standards: late high-schoolers

Answer 34

treatments and supports for communicable, degenerative, and chronic diseases, case studies with actual data proving the effectiveness of health promotion and illness prevention, and roles of media, technology, and medicine in health and safety