Foundations of Knowledge Flashcards
Study Guide Notes
Causes of developmental delays
Malnutrition, autism, chromosome damage, infection during pregnancy, epilepsy, cerebral palsy
Dyspraxia
Developmental coordination disorder, child has uneven development in multiple systems, such as speech and fine motor control, may require intensive therapy and medication
Pituitary gland
Makes the gonads produce sex hormones
Children with pituitary insufficiency have brittle bones, height or weight problems, are infertile, and fail to sexually mature with their peers
Often teased in school because of weight/height and ostracized in high school because of their childish appearance
Innate chromosomal problems
Down syndrome and Tay Sachs disease
Acquired biological problem
Deafness from rubella during pregnancy
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Thalidomide use resulting in flipper arms
Head injury resulting in epilepsy
Biological conditions
Can be either innate or acquired
Drugs or therapy can sometimes modify biological conditions (ex: meds for ADHD)
Are improved or worsened by the child’s environment, education, socialization, health practices, and socioeconomic status
School readiness programs, early diagnosis, remedial education, and adaptations greatly help a biologically disabled child cope
Leading causes of child death
Environmental: accidental injuries, traffic deaths, drownings, burns, falls, and poisonings
The CSN improves the child’s environment through regular safety audits an advocating for safety enhancements
Improving the child’s environment positively impacts growth, development, and learning and rates of morbidity and mortality
Lead contamination
Results in hyperactivity, hearing loss, and learning disabilities
Culture
Shared identity based on a common language, ideology, values, or attitude
The CSN must show respect to all cultures/beliefs, even if she doesn’t agree with their beliefs
Students whose first language is not English
Often present with sleep disorders, anxiety, headaches, and mood swings
More likely than other children to be placed in SPED classes or streamed into vocational training because of language difficulties
Socioeconomics
Parents’ level of education, occupation, and income
Poverty is the greatest determinant of a child’s health
Impoverished children are statistically more likely to be disabled, physically or mentally ill, drop out of school, commit crimes, and die from risk-taking behaviors (ex: drugs)
Children in countries with even income distribution tend to the have the highest quality of life, lowest mortality, and longest life expectancy
Substance abuse in children
Causes permanent learning disabilities
Leads to addiction in the developing brain
Drugs that damage the brain’s emotional centers (limbic and autonomic systems) cause mood swings, memory loss, anxiety, aggression, depression, paranoia, hallucinations, and obsessions/compulsions
Ex: marijuana damages brain’s emotional centers - teens who smoke before 16 y/o are 4x more likely to develop schizophrenia
Abuse, neglect, and violence
Brain damage from violent abuse creates cognitive delays and emotional problems
Initially develop anxiety and depression
Coping mechanisms include overeating, risk taking, and substance abuse
Abused children often develop obesity, STDs or cancer
Indicators of abuse, neglect, and violence: Abused infant
Withdrawn, depressed, and does not meet developmental milestones
Look for bone fractures, spinal cord and neck damage, and intracranial bleeding
Indicators of abuse, neglect, and violence: Abused toddlers
Slow brain development
May have 2x as many behavioral problems as the general population
Indicators of abuse, neglect, and violence: Abused school-age children
Poor classroom functioning and low academic scores
Abused foster children lag in their language development, cognitive capacity, and academic achievement
Indicators of abuse, neglect, and violence: Abused Teens
25% more likely to abuse drugs, become pregnant, become delinquent, engage in risky sex, develop mental illness, or have low academic achievement
Are 3x more likely to be violent during criminal acts
Indicators of abuse, neglect, and violence: Abused 21 year olds
80% have a psychiatric disorder
Suicide attempts, dissociation, panic attacks, borderline personality, ADHD, anger, PTSD reactive attachment, and depression are common
They are fearful, isolated, mistrustful, and prone to choose bad partners
1/3 will abuse their own children
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Pyramid featuring human necessities at its base, extending to higher needs at the summit
Lower needs must be met before the child can evolve to realize the higher needs
Basic survival (physiological) needs are breathing, water, food, warmth, shelter, sleep, excretion, and sex
The next level is safety needs - personal & family security, good health, employment, resources for comfort, property, and basic morality
Next level is love - includes need for friendship, family, and an intimate sex partner
Next level is esteem - includes confidence, self-esteem, respect for self & others, and need for achievement
Peak is spontaneous creativity, acceptance, problem solving, and higher morality (lack of prejudice)
Health issues that affect preschoolers
Lice and otitis media
Lice
Heavy infestation causes anemia
Remove lice with a nit comb and conditioner
Wash all clothing and bedding in very hot water
Vacuum furniture and place in a plastic bag for at least 48 hours
DO NOT EXCLUDE FROM SCHOOL
Health issues that affect children K - middle school
Encopresis (incontinent diarrhea) - caused by constipation
Stomachaches
Health issues that affect young teens (13-16)
Gynecomastia (man boobs)
Girls with heavy menstruation (menorrhagia) can have iron-deficiency anemia - soaks more than 16 pads/period or one pad/hour. May be irritable, withdrawn, and have poor academic performance
Health issues that affect older teens (17-19)
Mononucleosis - extreme fatigue, sore throat, enlarged tonsils, high fever, swollen spleen. Avoid contact sports for 2 months to avoid ruptured spleen/liver
Acne vulgaris - caused by hormonal fluctuations
Medication and educational behavior
Antidepressants can produce agitation or suicidality
Mistimed ADHD stimulants can cause periods of sleeplessness and anorexia, followed by extreme hunger, which diminishes the ability to learn
Psychiatric meds can make the child have a flat affect or bizarre tics and dyskinesia
Abrupt cessation of a drug without a weaning period can cause intense withdrawal symptoms, or it can be deadly
9 components of diversity
Culture, ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, language, religion, socioeconomic background, and disability
Diversity affects epidemiology, delivery of care, lifecycle events, values, beliefs, communication, empowerment, and clinical decision making
The CSN understands that diversity impacts the child’s resilience, attachments, and motivation to change
Cognitive abilites
Mental skills that the child uses to gain and retain knowledge
Include concentration, focus, logical thinking, memory, and perception
Can be improved through interventions and frequent practice
Multiple Intelligence Inventory
Identifies how a child learns best
Determines if child is a linguistic, spatial, musical, logical/mathematical, kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, or naturalistic learner
Life experiences - experiential learning cycle
5 step process:
1. experiences a concrete learning activity
2. shares the results w/ the class and reactions to it
3. processes the learning experience by reflecting on it and gaining insight
4. generalizes what is learned by comparing it to his prior experiences
5. applies new learning experience to other situations and considers how it might be useful in the future, or how it could be improved
Help students apply the lessons to the outside world by asking: “What would you like to do with this new info now? How could you make this info better or more useful?”
Incorporating the IL learning standards: early elementary students
signs and symptoms of illness, hand washing, tooth brushing and flossing, immunization, cleanliness, food and sleep hygiene, stranger danger, traffic, poisoning, and misuse of medicine
Incorporating the IL learning standards: late elementary students
disease prevention, early disease detection and treatment, and risk reduction through safety equipment (e.g., sunscreen, seat belts, ,and helmets)
Incorporating the IL learning standards: middle school and junior high students
exercise, diet, refusing drug experimentation, risk management for cancer, heart disease, and injuries from walking, biking, swimming, and driving, and careers in health care, injury prevention, and health promotion
Incorporating the IL learning standards: early high-schoolers
communicable, degenerative, and chronic diseases, health promotion and injury prevention, emergency first aid and cardiopulmonary resuscitation, and has students research and report about a career in health care, injury prevention, or health promotion
Incorporating the IL learning standards: late high-schoolers
treatments and supports for communicable, degenerative, and chronic diseases, case studies with actual data proving the effectiveness of health promotion and illness prevention, and roles of media, technology, and medicine in health and safety
