Growth & Development Flashcards
Accommodation
Changes made to deal with new experiences
Assimilation
Incorporating of new experiences
Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development
Establishes psychosocial stages during eight periods of human life. For each stage there is a “crisis” or a particular challenge that exists for healthy development to occur.
preconceptual substage
(2-4) vocabulary and comprehension increase greatly but the child shows egocentrism.
Trust vs mistrust stage
Birth-1
The baby establishes a sense of trust when basic needs are met
Autonomy vs shame & doubt stage
1-3
The child is increasingly independent in many spheres of life.
Initiative vs guilt stage
3-6
The child likes to initiate play activities
Industry vs inferiority stage
6-12
The child gains a sense if self worth from involvement in activities
Identity vs role confusion stage
12-18
The adolescent’s search for self-identity leads to independence from parents and reliance on peers.
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
Child’s view of the world is influenced largely by age and maturational ability.
Piaget’s stages if development
Sensorimotor (birth-2)
Preoperational (2-7)
Concrete operational (7-11)
Formal operational (11-adulthood)
Formal operational
11-Adulthood
Fully mature intellectual thought has now been attained. The adolescent can think abstractly about objects or concepts and consider different alternatives or outcomes.
Concrete operational stage
7-11
Transductive reasoning has given way to a more accurate understanding of the cause and effect. The child can reason quite well if concrete objects are used in teaching or experimentation. the concept of conservation is learned at this age.
Preoperational stage
2-7
The child thinks by using words as symbols, but logic is not well developed.
Sensorimotor stage
Birth-2
The baby learns from movement and sensory input.
(6 independent stages)
Freud’s theory of psychosocial development
Early childhood experiences form the unconscious motivation for actions in later life. Theory that sexual energy is centered in specific parts of the body at certain ages.
Freud’s stages of development
Oral (birth-1) Anal (1-3) Phallic (3-6) Latency (6-12) Genital (12-18)
Genital stage
12-18
The adolescent’s focus is on genital function and relationships
Latency stage
6-12
The child places importance on privacy and understanding the body. Interacts more with same sex.
Phallic stage
3-6
The child initially identifies with the parent of the opposite sex but by the end of this stage has identified with the same sex parent
Anal stage
1-3
The child derives gratification from control over body excretions
Oral stage
Birth-1
The baby obtains pleasure and comfort through the mouth.
Sensorimotor stages
Uses of reflexes (birth-1 month)
Primary circular reactions (1-4 months)
Secondary circular reactions (4-8 months)
Coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 months)
Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
Mental combinations (18-24 months)
Uses of reflexes
Birth-1 month
The infant begins life with a set of reflexes such as sucking, rooting, and grasping. By using reflexes the infant receives stimulation via touch, sound, smell, and vision. The reflexes thus pave the way for the first learning to occur.
Primary circular reactions
1-4 months
Once the infant responds reflexively, the pleasure gained from that response causes repetition of the behavior
Secondary circular reactions
4-8 months
Awareness of the environment grows as the infant begins to connect cause and effect.
Coordination of secondary schemes
8-12 months
Intentional behavior is observed as the infant uses learned behavior to obtain objects, create sounds, or engage in other pleasurable activities. Object permanence begins when infant remembers where a hidden object is likely be found.
Tertiary circular reactions
12-18 months
Curiosity, experimentation, and exploration predominate as the toddler tries out actions to learn results.
Mental combinations
18-24 months
Language provides a new tool for the toddler to use in understanding the world. Language enables the child to think about events and objects before or after they occur.
Intuitive substage
4-7
The child relies on transductive reasoning. Cause and effect relationships are often unrealistic or a result of magical thinking.
Transductive reasoning
Drawing conclusions from one general fact to another.
Magical thinking
The belief that events occur because of thoughts or wishes.
Centration
The ability to consider only one aspect of a situation at a time
Animism
Ascribing life to inanimate objects because they move, make noise, or have certain other qualities.
Conservation
That matter does not change when it’s form is altered.
