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BIOL1900 > GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT > Flashcards

GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for BMI

A

(Weight/height)^2

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2
Q

What influences change in size?

A
  1. Hypertrophy- increase in cell size
  2. Hyperplasia- division of cells, increase in number of cells
  3. Accretion- increase in intracellular substance
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3
Q

List 4 elements of growth

A
  1. Changes in form, proportion and shape
    - baby 4 heads tall, adult 8 heads tall
    - Stature of growth increases while centre of gravity drops
  2. Differential timing
  3. Not homogenous
    - mass processes at a different rate than height
  4. Alterations of composition
    - muscle mass and fat mass (+/-)
    - subtraction = thymus gland around puberty
    - substitution= cartilage to bone (ossification)
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4
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size

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5
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Division of cells

Increase in number of cells

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6
Q

What is accretion?

A

Increase in intracellular substance

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7
Q

Explain differentiation

A

A series of orderly and irreversible stages that every organism undergoes from the start to the end of life.

Transformation from an undifferentiated state to a highly organised mature state

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8
Q

Translocation

A

Change in position

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9
Q

Maturation

A

Process of progression to a mature state (internal processes)

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10
Q

Adaption

A

The result of the body’s accommodation or adjustment to the immediate environment (external process)

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11
Q

What are the 3 modes of adaption?

Give examples

A
  1. Long-term: skin colour
  2. Short-term: weight gain
  3. Pharmacological: natural or pharmacologically induced, training..?
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12
Q

What are the lifespan development stages?

A 
Pre-natal
Birth
Post-natal
Childhood
Adolescence 
Adulthood
Senescence
Death
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13
Q

What are unique aspects of human growth and development?

A
  1. Long time to maturity- 20-25% of lifespan is spent growing (first 2-3 decades)
  2. Experience a resurgence of rapid growth at adolescence- 50% of bone mass is accrued in the 2 years bordering PHV
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14
Q

Why is the there a long human growth period?

A
  1. Long period of infant dependency
  2. An extended childhood growth period from childhood to adolescence
  3. Resurgence of rapid growth during adolescence leading to sexual and physical maturity
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15
Q

What is anthropometry?

A

Techniques used to describe and measure growth

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16
Q

What techniques are used to measure growth?

A
  1. Size: height, lengths, breadths, circumferences etc.
  2. Composition: weight, % fat, % lean etc.
  3. Shape and Proportion: physique type, somatotype
  4. Maturation: maturational age (skeletal, somatic, Tanner stages)
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17
Q

What is allometry?

A

Allometry describes the relationship between various dimensions of growth
E.g. during growth height changes at a different rate from weight or bone mass accrual

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18
Q

What’s similar between both boys and girls prior to puberty (around 10 years old)?

A

Prior to puberty growth for both boys and girls is fairly similar in terms of height and weight gain per year

Height = 5-6 cm/year
Weight= 2.5kg/year
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19
Q

Which gender begins puberty earlier?

A

Girls and as a result also reach PHV earlier

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20
Q

Around which ages do both boys and girls reach PHV?

A

Girls: 11-12 years old
Boys: 13-14 years old

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21
Q

What happens during the adolescent growth spurt with regards to PHV?

A

The velocity of linear growth can more than double over the childhood growth rate.

Over this period the PHV:
Girls = 9-10cm/year at the age of 12
Boys= 11-16cm/year from the age of 14-16

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22
Q

What is auxology?

A

A branch of developmental biology. The study of growth and development

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23
Q

What is growth?

A

Change in form, proportion and composition

Differential timing -not homogenous meaning not uniform in composition or structure/ not a single phase.

24
Q

What is development?

A

A series of specific events and progressions over the lifespan; Maturation; Adaption

25
Q

List 3 purposes for auxology

A
  1. Monitor body changes to endure optimal growth and development of all children
  2. Evaluate growth for purpose of encouraging health over lifespan
  3. Modification of factors that predispose a child to marginal health in order to benefit child and grown adult
26
Q

What are the primary causes of obesity?

A

Lack of physical activity, poor diet, excessive portion sizes

27
Q

When does peak BMC accrual occur?

A

In the peak of the adolescent growth spurt

28
Q

What causes a suboptimal peak in BMC?

A

Developing later, result sin a lower velocity and a suboptimal peak in BMC

29
Q

List the systematic processes of change

A
  1. Peak Height

2. Peak Mass

30
Q

What are the differences in velocity of growth prior to and during puberty?

What happens in cases of delayed puberty?

A

Appendicular skeletion (arms and legs) is faster than the axial skeleton (spine) prior to puberty.

During puberty the appendicular and the axial skeleton balance out, appendicular slows while axial growth increases.

IF puberty is delayed, there is less time before the ends of the long bones fuse over (end of growth) potentially resulting in long-term impacts on adult’s life

31
Q

What is the primary hypothesis of the Saskatchewan Paediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Study?

A

Primary hypothesis:
Physical activity and nutritional patterns of some children with predispose them to greater risks of skeletal fragility and osteoporotic fractures in life

32
Q

Explain cross sectional and longitudinal studies

A

Cross Sectional
- single measurement
- number of cohorts (same or different ages) measured at same time or time period
Longitudinal
- Repeated measurements on the same cohort at different ages over a period of time

33
Q

What are the 4 measurements of maturity status?

A
  1. Skeletal development- 3 different techniques for determining skeletal age
  2. Somatic characteristics
  3. Sexual development (Tanner stages, age of menarche)
  4. Dental development
34
Q

How many bones in the hand and wrist?

A

27

35
Q

What are the three techniques used to determine skeletal bone age?

A
  1. Tanner Whitehouse Method (UK)
    - mean of individually rated bones
    - current TW3 method
    - manually describes radius, ulna and 11 short bones of the hand
  2. Greulich Pile (US)
    - uses an atlas for comparison
    - lacks sensitivity (growth not homogenous)
  3. Roch (Fels) (US)
36
Q

Explain tanner stage?

A
  • Pictorial illustrations indicating a scale of physical development in children, adolescents and adults
  • Self assessed by the individual
37
Q

What does the endocrine system control?

A

Combinations of maturity events, all of which are interrelated and occur in sequence yet the timing is highly variable.
Eg. Somatic Development
The spurt in height, lean, strength etc is very much ties in with sexual development, the appearance of secondary sex characteristics, menarche etc.

38
Q

How is development controlled?

A

Under the endocrine system.
Puberty is a series of events that take place under certain regulations of hormones, systemic events (timing for specific things)

39
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Commander/ regulates hormones

40
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland release?

A
  1. Human growth hormone (HGH)

2. Tropic growth hormones: regulate other endocrine glands that influence adolescent growth changes

41
Q

What role does oestrogen play in development?

A

Strongly regulates rate of bone mass accrual and secondary sex characteristics e.g. breast development and voluptuousness of a female to an extent

42
Q

Around what ages does menarche start?

A

Between 10-15 years old, which coincides with PHV around tanner stages 3 0r 4

43
Q

When is majority of bone mass laid down?

A

50% bone mass is laid down in 2 years bordering PHV

44
Q

How much do both males and females grow in height and weight before the onset of puberty?

A 
Height = 5-6 cm/year
Weight= 2.5kg/year
45
Q

What are the adolescent growth spurt values for boys?

A

Add 20kg
Add 20cm
Continue until around 18 years old
PHV around 14 years old

2 X height at 2 years old = adult height
5 X weight at 2 years old = adult weight

2 more years of pre-adolescent growth in boys (approximately 5cm/year)

46
Q

What are the adolescent growth spurt values for girls?

A

Add 16Kg
Add 16cm
Continue until around 16 years old
PHV around 12 years old

2 X height at 18 months old = adult height
5 X weight at 18 months old = adult weight

47
Q

How long after PHV does peak strength velocity occur and menarche?

A

12 months after PHV peak strength velocity occurs

1 year after PHV menarche occurs

48
Q

Explain growth rates from metal stage through to puberty

A

Early metal growth: head is fastest

Infancy: trunk (axial) growth accelerates

Childhood: appendicular (limb) growth accelerates

Puberty: Axial growth accelerates
(distal limbs are always in advance of the proximal segments)

49
Q

What happens to COG as growth proceeds?

A

COG shifts downwards
Infant- COG at 12th thoracic level
Adult- COG at 5th lumbar level

50
Q

At what rate does Surface Area (SA) increase?

A

SA increases as the square of the height

(Ht)^2

51
Q

At what rate does Mass (M)/ Weight (W) increase?

A

M/W increases as the cube of height

(M/W)^3

52
Q

Using allometric scaling, muscle strength relates to body mass by the power exponent of?

A

0.66

53
Q

What is strength a function of?

A

Area: the strength of a muscle/bone is proportional to its cross-sectional area

Strength (muscle) is proportional to linear dimension of (bone)^2

54
Q

What is weight a function of?

A

Volume: Mass is proportional to the linear dimension^3

55
Q

What is the timing of menarche in relation to puberty?

A

Puberty precedes menarche by approximately 2 years

BIOL1900 (4 decks)

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