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BIOL1900 > ANATOMY > Flashcards

ANATOMY Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anthropometry

A

Science of measurement of size, composition and proportions of human body

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2
Q

Define Kinanthropometry

A

Scientific specialisation with application to movement

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3
Q

What are the components of the musculoskeletal System?

A

Skeletal system- bones

Muscular system- skeletal muscles

Articular system- joints (ligaments, cartilage)

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4
Q

Bone is strongest in:

A
  1. Compressive strength- approx. 170MPa
  2. Tensile (tension) strength- 100-120MPa
  3. Shear stress strength (twisting)- 50MPa
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5
Q

What causes bone stress fractures?

A

Bones are metabolically active and need time to repair.

Stress fractures are caused by cumulative micro damage, excessive training and inadequate recovery

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6
Q

What is the mineral content of bone?

A

Children: 61%

Middle-aged adults: 66%

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7
Q

Give an example of different bone fusion rates

A

Hip fuses around 4-8 years old

Top of femur fuses at around 16-17 years old for females and 17-18 years old for males

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8
Q

Femur growth vs. tibia growth

A

55% vs. 45%

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9
Q

Growth at varying ends of long bones of the leg

A

2/3 more growth at knee joint than at hip and ankle ends (67% vs. 33%)

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10
Q

What is the change in femoral angle of inclination from childhood to adulthood?

A

140-150 degrees in children and 120 decrees in adults due to weight-baring and forces pushing on femoral head to support body weight

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11
Q

Explain what it means by bones being metabolically active

A

Bones respond to mechanical stimuli by initiating or inhibiting bone modelling/remodelling

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12
Q

Bone strength:

Effect of heavy (excessive) intensity

A

No change, decrease in bone strength

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13
Q

Bone strength:

Moderate intensity

A

Increase in bone strength

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14
Q

Bone strength:

Normal daily living

A

Maintenance of bone strength

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15
Q

Bone strength:

Immobilisation

A

Loss of bone (non-weight bearing)

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16
Q

Bone strength:

Unloading (altered gravity)

A

1-2% bone loss/ month vs. 1-1.5%/ year in elderly

2-3% in postmenopausal women

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17
Q

How does osteogenic change/ growth occur?

A

Osteogenic growth/ change only occurs through weight-bearing activities

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18
Q

When is the best time to increase bone size?

A

Best time to increase bone mass (load bones) is during childhood when bones are growing as opposed to adult bones

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19
Q

How does bone mass increase?

A

Adding of bone on periosetal surface

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20
Q

What is BMC?

A

Measure of how strong bone is

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21
Q

How many bones in the adult body?

A

206 as opposed to 270 at birth

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22
Q

Where are the majority of the bones found in the body?

A

1/2 bones in body are found in hands and feet

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23
Q

What is the longest/ heaviest bone in the body?

A

The femur.

Accounts for approximately 25% of height in complete skeleton

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24
Q

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Movement and levers (limbs- outside skeleton) e.g. arms and legs

126 bones
Long bone- femur
Short bone- carpal

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25
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Support and protection (core)
e.g. skull, ribs, spinal column

80 bones
Irregular- vertebrae
Flat- skull bones

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26
Q

What are the two bone types?

A
  1. Cortical (compact) - 80% of skeleton

2. Cancellous (trabecular) - 20% of skeleton

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27
Q

What are the mechanical functions of bone?

A

Levers, support, protection

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28
Q

What are the metabolic functions of bone?

A
  1. Mineral storage
    - skeletal muscle, nerve conduction
  2. Blood production
    - hemopoiesis: red blood cell production in bone marrow
    - cardiovascular function
29
Q

What are the bone cell types and their functions?

A

Osteoclasts- bone resorbing
Osteoblasts- bone forming
Osteocytes- mature cell (processes connecting to osteoblasts and other osteocytes for communication)

30
Q

Explain the process of bone remodelling?

A
  1. Fracture
  2. Osteoclasts (tidy)
  3. Osteoblasts (lay down new tissue)
31
Q

What are the two types of bone growth (ossification)?

A
  1. Endochondral Ossification
    - growth in length of bones
  2. Appositional Ossification
    - growth in width of bones
32
Q

List the role and function of the muscles

A
  1. Role: Agonist, Function: Prime mover
  2. Role: Synergist, Function: Assistant mover
  3. Role: Stabilizer, Function: Fixator
  4. Role: Antagonist, Function: Co-contraction
33
Q

Explain muscle role and function with regards to the “bicep curl”

A

Agonist- Brachialis
Synergist- Biceps Brachii
Stabilisers- Rotator Cuff

34
Q

Effect of immobilisation on muscle

A

Decrease in SA

- 30% atrophy in 11 days

35
Q

What is the muscle response to endurance training?

A

minimal CSA change

minimal strength change

36
Q

What is the muscle response to resistance training?

A

increase in CSA

increase in strength

37
Q

What is the muscle response to a combination of resistance and endurance training?

A

increase in muscle CSA

hypertrophy (increase in CSA) + hyperplasia (increase in number of muscle cells)

38
Q

What is a biarticular joint?

A

Muscle that crosses two joints

39
Q

What is the role of myostatin?

A 
Regulates muscle growth by:
1. inhibiting muscle differentiation 
(stops muscle dividing)
2. inhibiting Akt-induced protein synthesis 
(inhibits breakdown of muscle)
40
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

Basic unit of myofibril- building units of skeletal muscle that are made up of protein complexes

41
Q

Which proteins are found in sarcomeres?

A

Myosin, actin- contractile force

Titin- exercise induces mechanosignalling (responsible for hypertrophy in resistance trained athletes)

Nebulin- regulates thin filament length

42
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell number

43
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size

44
Q

What makes up lever systems?

A

Effort
Fulcrum (pivot-point)
Load

45
Q

How many muscles in the human body?

A

650 muscles

46
Q

List the joint components

A
  • Bone (2 or more)
  • Cartilage (Discs)
  • Ligaments (Capsules)
  • Tendons (Muscles)
47
Q

Effect of moderate activity on Ligaments/Tendons

A
  • Size increase

- Mechanically stronger

48
Q

Effect of immobilsaiton activity on Ligaments/Tendons

A
  • no ‘impact’ loading
  • size decrease
  • mechanically weaker
49
Q

Effect of high activity on Ligaments/Tendons

A

Initial response: size decrease/ no change until 6 weeks

Adaptive response: after 6-12 months increase in size and strength

50
Q

Joint function and types

A
  1. immovable (synarthrosis)
  2. slightly moveable (amphiarthrosis)
  3. freely moveable (diarthrosis)
51
Q

Does flexibility vary within joints?

A

Yes, flexibility is joint specific, not general

52
Q

What are the features of joint structure?

A
  1. potential cavity filled with synovial fluid
  2. Articular cartilage which allows bones to slide past one another
  3. Fibrous capsule- lined by synovial fluid membrane
  4. Synovial membrane

Additional structure: Ligaments

53
Q

Explain pivot joints

A

Pivot around an axis, motion in 1 plane

54
Q

Explain hinge joints

A

Elbow joint- flexion and extension movement (Uni-axial)
Knee joint- Flexion, extension and internal rotation
(modified)

55
Q

Explain bi-axial joints

A

Condyloid- flexion, extension and in and out movements e.g. metacarpi-phalangeal joint

56
Q

Explain multi-axial joints

A

Ball and socket e.g. hip joint

57
Q

Explain non-synovial joint

A

Fibrous tough tissue connecting two bones
Fibrous- skull structure
Fibro-cartilagenous- intervertebral discs (spine)

58
Q

What is the typical lumbar vertebrae increase between birth and 5 years of age and between 5 and 13 years old.

A

Three times increase in height from birth to 5 years old.
Another 50% increase from 5 to 13 years old
Ceases to grow between ages of 18 to 25

59
Q

What is the function of articular cartilage?

A

To distribute join loads over wider surface area and decrease stresses.
To minimise friction between opposing joint surfaces

No blood vessels, no lymph channels, devoid on nerves, extracellular matrix (70-80% water), 90% type 2 collagen scaffold

60
Q

Tendon (ligament structure)

A

dense connective tissues (parallel-fibred)

Matrix = 30% solids, 70% water

61
Q

Tendon Vs. Ligament function

A

Tendons:

  • Muscle to bone
  • Transmit muscle forces
  • Store some elastic energy

Ligaments:

  • Bone to bone
  • Mechanical stability
  • Guide joint motion
  • Prevent excessive motion
62
Q

What are the two dynamic muscle actions?

A

Concentric- force generates as muscle shortens (lifting load)

Eccentric- force generated as muscle lengthens (lowering load)

63
Q

Concentric Vs. Eccentric

A

Property of skeletal muscle is to generate largest force possible which is achieved by eccentric contraction (more force than concentric) approximately 1.5 times isometric velocity force

64
Q

Isometric force

A

Force generated with no noticeable muscle lengthening or shortening. Cannot overcome external resistance

65
Q

What are the two movement types?

A
  1. Static
    - Isometric
  2. Dynamic
    - Isotonic
    - Isokinetic
66
Q

What is the formula for muscle power?

A

Force X Velocity

Muscle power is a product of strength (force) and speed (velocity)

67
Q

What is the relation between body mass and strength?

A

Strenght (increases as a square) in relation to body mass (increases as a cube) shows curvilinear relation (allometric scaling)

Mass^0.67

68
Q

Percentage limitation in the range of motion in joints

A

Capsule and ligaments- 47%
Muscle fascia- 41%
Tendons- 10%
Skin- 2%

69
Q

What is the cephalo-caudal rule?

A

Growth velocity gradients move downwards from the head

BIOL1900 (4 decks)

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