Growth & Development

Question 1

Factors affecting growth (7)

Answer 1

1. Genetics
2. Ethnicity
3. Birthweight
4. Hormones
5. Nutrition
6. Environment (incl. maternal health)
7. Health/comorbidity

Question 2

Failure to thrive

Answer 2

A child <2years whose weight:
- Is < 3rd percentile on 2+ occasions; OR
- Drops by 2+ percentile lines

Question 3

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development

Answer 3

1. Sensorimotor - 0-2yrs
2. Pre-operational - 2-7yrs
3. Concrete operational - 8-12yrs
4. Formal operational - 12+ yrs

Question 4

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development

Answer 4

1. Trust vs mistrust - 0-18 months
2. Autonomy vs shame/doubt - 18 months-3 yrs
3. Initiative vs guilt - 3-5 yrs
4. Industry vs inferiority - 6-11 yrs
5. Identity vs confusion - 12-18 yrs

Question 5

Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 5

Trust depends on the reliability/responsiveness of caregiver.
* Task – feeding
* Outcome – hope

Question 6

Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt

Answer 6

Learning to control bodily functions leads to feeling of control and independence.
* Task – toilet-training
* Outcome – will

Question 7

Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 7

Assert power and control through directing play and other social interactions.
* Task – exploration
* Outcome – purpose

Question 8

Industry vs Inferiority

Answer 8

Develop sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities and cope with new social/academic demands.
* Task – school
* Outcome – confidence

Question 9

Identity vs Confusion

Answer 9

Require proper encouragement and reinforcement through personal exploration to develop sense of self and personal identity.
* Task – social relationships
* Outcome – fidelity

Question 10

Sensorimotor

Answer 10

Infant learns through senses and actions
- Object permanence (8months)
- Self-recognition
- Deferred imitation
- Representational play

Question 11

Pre-operational

Answer 11

Child thinks intuitively (i.e. based on how things appear) not logically
- Egocentric thinking
- Symbolic thinking – language and mental imagery
- Classification (without class-inclusion) – single class.
- Imaginary play and animism

Question 12

Concrete Operational

Answer 12

Child uses operations (logical rules)
- Decentering
- Conservation - quantity vs appearance
- Concrete thinking – physical events/materials.
- Mental reversal

Question 13

Formal Operational

Answer 13

Child develops higher-order reasoning
- Formal operations – reasoning with ideas, abstract concepts, hypotheticals.
- Scientific thinking – hypothesis formulation and testing.
- Prediction

Question 14

Safety Considerations

Answer 14

1. Infants - asphyxiation, ingestion, drowning, burns, falls, electrocution, object-related injuries.
2. Toddlers - asphyxiation, ingestion, drowning, traffic accidents, falls.
3. School-age - sporting injuries, bike/skateboard injuries.
4. Adolescents - intoxication/poisoning, traffic accidents, sporting injuries, self-harm, risk-taking behaviours.

Question 15

Age-related health concerns

Answer 15

1. Infant - pre-term birth/LBW complications, asphyxia, SIDs, congenital conditions.
2. Childhood - asthma, anxiety and depression, URTIs, transport accidents, non-accidental injury, falls, drowning.
3. Adolescence - suicide and self-harm, anxiety and depression, alcohol and drugs, transport accidents, assault.