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2 AM - Growth & Nutrition > Growth & Development > Flashcards

Growth & Development Flashcards

1
Q

How can you quantitatively measure growth?

A

Body weight
Height
Length
Amount of muscle mas

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2
Q

How can you qualitatively measure growth?

A

Body proportions & functions (eg muscle mass vs intramuscular fat mass)

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3
Q

Name some examples of hormone growth factors

A

Growth hormone / IGF-1
Insulin
Prolactin
Glucocorticoids
Thyroid hormone
NGF
EGF

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4
Q

What are the direct effects of growth hormone?

A

Adipocytes:
-reduced lipogenesis
-reduced fat accumulation

Liver + skeletal muscle:
-increased gluconeogenesis
-increased glycogenolysis
-increased blood glucose
-increased blood synthesis

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5
Q

What are the indirect effects of growth hormone?

A

IGF-1 mediated local effects (eg bone growth)
IGF-1 mediated endocrine effects (eg bone growth)

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6
Q

What’s the relationship between growth & insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)?

A

IGF-1 levels correlate with adult body size

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7
Q

What is farm animal growth focussed on?

A

Ratio of fat & skeletal muscle
Rapid growth selection

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8
Q

What is an implication of rapid growth selection in farm animals?

A

Long bone abnormalities

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9
Q

What 2 processes contribute to the constant changing shape of bones?

A

Resorption - removing bone matrix
Deposition - replacing with new bone

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10
Q

What effect does GH and IGF-1 have on bone growth?

A
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11
Q

What hormone is plasma IGF-1 dependent on?

A

GH

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12
Q

How does IGF-1 regulate bone growth?

A

Mitogenic
Recruitment of precursor cells
Maintenance of differentiated state

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13
Q

How do glucocorticoids regulate bone growth?

A

in pharmacological doses:
-bone loss
-stimulates catabolism

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14
Q

How do androgens regulate bone growth?

A

Testosterone surge during puberty induces closure of growth plate
(pre-pubertal castration increases long bone growth)

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15
Q

How do growth factors regulate bone growth?

A

-Local (autocrine/paracrine) in all tissues
-Mitogens (not tissue specific)
-Growth & remodelling of bone

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16
Q

What is the purpose of muscle?

A

Provide strength, elasticity & contraction

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17
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle fibres?
List some characteristics of each

A

WHITE
-fast twitch
-sprinting, fine motor control, reflexive action

RED
-slow twitch
-contain myoglobin
sustained contraction (eg posture)

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18
Q

What is myogenesis?

A

Muscle formation
myoblasts proliferate, differentiate & fuse to generate myofibres

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19
Q

At what stage of development is the NUMBER the myofibres determined?

A

During gestation

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20
Q

What determines the SIZE of myofibres?

A

Genetics
Nutrition
Exercise
Endocrine environment

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21
Q

When does hyperplasia of myofibres occur?

A

During development & tissue repair

22
Q

What causes hypertrophy of myofibres?

A

Genetics
Nutrition
Exercise

23
Q

How does IGF-1 regulate muscle growth?

A

Locally produced (stimulated by GH)
Increase glucose & amino acid uptake
Decrease proteolysis & increase protein synthesis > hypertrophy
Effects on muscle precursor cells (eg increase myoblast proliferation) > hyperplasia (during development)

24
Q

How do glucocorticoids regulate muscle growth?

A

in pharmacological doses:
-glucose sparing (eg protein catabolism)

25
Q

How do beta-adrenergic agonists regulate muscle growth?

A

Repartitioning agents - redirect nutrients to skeletal muscle (not adipose tissue)
Increase rate of weight gain, by increasing protein deposition

26
Q

How do androgens & oestrogens regulate muscle growth?

A

Increased protein deposition

27
Q

What is the role of brown adipose tissue?

A

Heat production & weight control

28
Q

What are some characteristics of brown adipose tissue?

A

Location is species specific
Richly vascularised & many mitochondria for energy production
Responds to environmental & nutritional cues (eg hyperplasia with cold exposure)

29
Q

What is the role of white adipose tissue?

A

Energy storage

30
Q

What is the endocrine function of white adipose tissue?

A

Adipogenesis from stem cells
Hypertrophy induces hyperplasia

31
Q

What are some characteristics of white adipose tissue?

A

Diffuse (in several locations)
Sites are species specific

32
Q

How does insulin regulate adipose tissue?

A

Lipogenesis
Stimulates proliferation, differentiation & maintenance of differentiated adipocytes

33
Q

How does GF & IGF-1 regulate adipose tissue?

A

Reduction of fat mass, due to inhibition lipogenesis (+ stimulation of lipolysis to fuel growth)

34
Q

How do glucocorticoids regulate adipose tissue?

A

Stimulate accumulation of visceral fat

35
Q

How do growth factors regulate adipose tissue?

A

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)

36
Q

How does white adipose tissue act as an endocrine organ?

A

Secretes factors with important endocrine functions:
-appetite regulation
-energy homeostasis
-immune response
-vascular development

37
Q

How does body composition different between farm animals and animals in the wild/pets?

A

Farm animals:
-control of feed intake
-nutrition utilisation
-ultimate production of desirable meat product

Wild animals/pets:
-survival mechanism favour energy storage, weight gain & fat accumulation (pet obesity)

38
Q

What other health issues are associated with obesity in pets?

A

Osteoarthritis
Heart disease
Renal problems
Diabetes
Respiratory disease

39
Q

What factors contribute to pet obesity?

A

Increased dietary fat
Improved palatability of food
Age
Indoor animals
Lack of exercise
Neutering
Glucocorticoids
Some breeds genetically predisposed

40
Q

What nutrient signals contribute to satiety/hunger?

A

Fatty acids
Glucose
Amino acids

41
Q

What nerve signals contribute to satiety/hunger?

A

Gastric distention

42
Q

What hormonal signals contribute to satiety/hunger?

A

Insulin
Leptin
Ghrelin
PYY
CCK

43
Q

What central information inputs to regulates energy homeostasis?

A

Stored energy status
Metabolic status
Feeding status

44
Q

What central response is a result of regulating energy homeostasis?

A

Alter body’s energy intake
Alter body’s energy use

45
Q

What signals act positively/negatively on the satiety centre?

A

+increased glucose (and insulin)
+increased CKK (correlates to fat content of meal)
+increased stomach distention
+increased body fat stores
-smell of desirable food
-sight of desirable food

46
Q

What is the effect of ghrelin on regulation of intake?

A

(from stomach)
Levels increase during fasting
Stimulates feeding centre
Promotes eating

47
Q

What is the effect of leptin on regulation of intake?

A

(from white fat)
Levels proportionate to fat reserves
Stimulates satiety centre
Inhibits eating

48
Q

What is the effect of peptide YY (PYY) on regulation of intake?

A

(from epithelium of small&large bowel)
Release proportional to size of meal
Stimulates satiety centre
Inhibits eating

49
Q

What is the effect of CCK on regulation of intake?

A

(from epithelium of small bowel)
Release proportional to fat content of meal
Stimulates satiety centre
Inhibits eating

50
Q

Describe the hypothalamic regulation of satiety

A
51
Q

What affect does leptin & alpha-MSH & beta-MSH have on the satiety centre?

A

-Leptin stimulates alpha-MSH & beta-MSH
-Alpha-MSH & beta-MSH stimulate MC4 receptor
-MC4 receptor (MCR4) stimulation reduces eating (activates satiety centre)
-AgRP (agouti) inhibits MC4R (increases feeding)

2 AM - Growth & Nutrition (7 decks)

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