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Pedi Exam 1 > Growth and Development of Toddler and Preschoolers > Flashcards

Growth and Development of Toddler and Preschoolers Flashcards

1
Q

Toddler period

A

12-36 months
Time of intense exploration
“how do things work and how can I control others?”

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2
Q

Toddlers try to control others with

A

Temper tantrums
Negativism
Obstinacy
(reassure parents that behaviors are appropriate and needed for intellectual growth and developmental achievements

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3
Q

Psychosocial Development: Toddler

A

Erikson’s Autonomy V Shame and doubt (phase 2: 12-36mo)
Acquire sense of autonomy while overcoming a sense of doubt and shame
Ritualistic behaviors and negativism responding “no” or “me do”
Will throw temper-tantrums when scolded- but need to have a sense of sameness and reliability that will provide a sense of control and help limit some of their outbursts and temper tantrums

Early stages of “super ego” or conscience emerge

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4
Q

Cognitive Development: Toddler

A

Piaget’s sensory motor stages (12-24mo)
Tertiary Circular Reactions begin to emerge
Awareness of casual relationships between 2 events (like turning on a light switch)
Not able to knowledge transfer to new situations, they must reinvestigate what happens
Able to recognize different shapes and their relation to one another
Aware of space and the relationship of their body to dimensions such as height – they can stand and stretch to reach things higher up, pull stings, stand on stools

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5
Q

Primary circular reaction:

A

Action and response both involve infants own body (1-4 mo)

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6
Q

Secondary circular reaction:

A

Action gets a response from another person or object, leading to babies repeating original action (4-8mo)

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7
Q

Tertiary circular reaction:

A

Action gets one pleasing result, leading baby to perform similar actions to get similar result (12-18mo)

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8
Q

Piaget’s Final Sensory Motor and Preoperational phase

A

19-24 mo
More complex preoperational thought
Object permanence (actively seek out objects in several different potential hiding places)
Imitation: symbolization
Mimicry: imitating household activities
Gender role behaviors becomes increasingly common, identify with the same gender parent and attempt to copy them in their gestures and words

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9
Q

Piaget’s Per-conceptual/Pre-operational phase of Cognitive Development

A

2-4yr
Subdivision of per-operational lasts from 2-7yr rudimentary socialized behavior is primary one of transitions that bridges the purely satisfying behavior of infants and the rudimentary socialized behavior of latency
Don’t think in operation/logical fashion-problem solving
Concrete thinkers (basis of their perception of an event only with what they see and hear directly)
Egocentrism, Magical belief
Concerned with why and how of things

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10
Q

Physical Development: Toddler

A 
Growth slows 
Birth weight is quadrupled by 2.5yr
Height increases by 3 in per year
FOC = chest circumference by 1-2yr 
Pot belly look
Bowed legs (straighten out between 3-4)
Visual acuity: 20/40
Report persistent strabismus (crossed eye): should disappear between 3-4 mo-- can be fixed if caught soon, if not can lead to vision problems 
Senses become increasingly developed (want to smell, touch, taste... Very curious)
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11
Q

Estimation of adult height:

A

2yr height in cm x 2

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12
Q

Gross motor: Toddler

A

Major development of locomotion
Begin to tiptoe
Steady gait

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13
Q

Gross motor: 12-13 mo

A

Walks independently, using a wide stance for extra balance

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14
Q

Gross motor: 18mo

A

Try to run, but fall easily

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15
Q

Gross motor: 24mo

A

Walk up and down stairs with assistance

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16
Q

Gross motor: 30mo

A

Can jump using both feet

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17
Q

Gross motor: Assessing the readiness for Potty training

A

Voluntary control of anal and urinary sphincters (18-24mo)
Ability to stay dry for 2hr
Decreased number of wet diapers
Waking up dry from a nap
Regular bowel movements
Achieved gross motor skills, such as sitting, walking, squatting
Achieved fine motor skills: able to remove their clothing
Recognize the urge to use the bathroom
Ability to communicate when they need to use the bathroom
Must be able to sit on the toilet for 5-10 minutes without getting up or fussing

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18
Q

Fine motor: 12mo

A

Grasp very small objects

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19
Q

Fine motor: 15mo

A

cast and retrieve objects

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20
Q

Fine motor: 18mo

A

Throw a ball over hand

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21
Q

Fine motor: 24mo

A

Turn pages in a book

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22
Q

Fine motor: 30mo

A

Hold crayon in fingers

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23
Q

Fine motor: toddler

A

Can stack blocks
Draw stick figures
Must incorporate play during hospital stay due to its importance

24
Q

Nutrition for Toddler

A

Decreased need for protein, calories, fluids
Caloric requirement: 102kcal/kg/day
Require 3 meals and 2 snacks per day
Eat with the rest of the family

25
Q

Physiologic Anorexia

A

18mo

Become very picky, fussy eaters with a strong taste preference

26
Q

Preventing food jags in toddlers

A

Prevent one food in various physical forms
Child may need to progress to eating new foods in a step wise fashion: seeing food, smelling, touching, tasting it then eating it
Normal behavior
Want to investigate the food before eating it

27
Q

Nutrition needs for Toddler

A

Vit C enhance iron absorption
Drink from cup with a lid
Use a spoon
Eat with fingers: make sure its cut up
Use routines (can bring routine to hospital)
Dont mix food or let them touch
Keep serving small: 1 tbsp of solid food/year of age
Need vit D supplementation for good bone growth

28
Q

Toddler nutrition: Whole milk

A

2-3 servings a day (23-30oz)
Milk is the cheapest source of Ca and Phosphorus intake
Continue whole milk until 2yr then can go to low fat milk to decrease caloric intake

29
Q

Toddler nutrition: Fruit Juice

A

4-6 ounces of 100% juice = enhances iron absorption
Need at least 1 cup of fruit/day because of Vit C enhancing absorption of Iron
Dont give more than 4-6 ounces of 100% juice because it will cause diarrhea, DM, dental caries and over and under nutrition

30
Q

Good sources of Ca

A 
Cheese
Yogurt
Milk
Beans
Green veggys (broccoli, collard greens)
31
Q

Ca fortified foods

A

Waffles
Cereals
Some white bread
OJ

32
Q

Skills and Language development: 15mo

A

Tolerates separation from parents mometarily

33
Q

Skills and Language development: 18mo

A

Temper tantrums emerge
Show strong emotions
Use ownership words
If time outs are used its best for the time to be 1 min/year of age

34
Q

Skills and Language development: 24mo

A

Parallel play

Not good with sharing at this age group, important to start implementing sharing concepts

35
Q

Skills and Language development: 30mo

A

Separates from parents easily
Increased independence from parents
Begin to use 400 words, 2-3 word sentences

36
Q

Safety considerations: Toddler

A 
Aspiration 
Suffocation risks
Falls
Drowning 
Strangulation
Burns (use back burners) 
MVC (use appropriate car seat) 
Immunizations
37
Q

Safety tips for parents of toddlers

A 
Use federally approved car seat
Supervise play 
Supervise child around water
Cover outlets 
Latch second story windows
Place gates at top and bottom of stairs
Examine toys for small pieces 
Garage doors need to have safety mechanisms in place 
Food should be adequately cute 
Keep toxins out of reach
38
Q

Sibling Rivalry in Toddler

A

occurs when there’s a new child in the family and the toddler no longer gets all of the attention and actios out, and may revert to more infantile behavior such as demanding a bottle when they’ve been weaned off for a few months, or clinging, or soiling underpants
This is normal behavior because they are feeling left out
Parents should spend as much time with toddler as possible

39
Q

Breathing holding in Toddler

A

When a child is having a temper tantrum
If they are not getting what they want they may hold their breath, it is common and will not be harmed.
Make sure of safe environment due to fainting
They do this to gain independence and be autonomous
Provide them with consistency in expectations and prioritize rituals
Have consequences that are reasonable for the development to help manage behavior
When the child demonstrates appropriate behavior: provide positive reinforcement about the behavior so that the child knows that the behavior is bad not that they are bad

40
Q

Autism in Toddlers

A

Diagnosed at 18-36mo
4x more often in Boys than Girls
Various therapies can help but no cure
Common speech and language delay
🚩If child isn’t babbling or gesturing by 12mo
🚩If they are not saying single words by 16mo or 2 word phrases by 24 mo
Need to be recommended immediately for hearing and language evaluation
✶Early treatment results in better outcome

41
Q

Common fears and stressors in a hospital for a Toddler

A 
Fear of strangers and new places 
Separation from parents 
Fear of being abandoned 
Fear of losing control and autonomy 
Fear of moving with medical equipment connected to them
42
Q

Preschool Age

A

3-5 yr

43
Q

Preschoolers

A

Gain control of their bodily functions
Most children should be completely potty trained (some are heavy sleepers and need to wear pull ups)
Tolerate brief and prolonged periods of separation
Interact cooperatively with other children and adults
Learn how to share and take turns, learn how to say “thats not fair” or “its my turn”
Use language for mental symbolization, make up different names for certain objects
Increased attention span and memory ( if you make a promise you have to follow through, they will remember

44
Q

Psychosocial development of Preschoolers

A

Erikson’s Initiative V Guilt (phase 3: 3-5yr)
Primary psychosocial task is acquiring a sense of initiative
Like to please others and its very important to be accepted by parents and friends
Love getting praised for a good job
Feeling of guilt, anxiety and fear when their thoughts differ from expectations
Development of superego and conscience
Learn the difference between right and wrong, good and bad

45
Q

Cognitive Development of Preschoolers

A

Piaget’s Cognitive theory: per-operational phase
Less ergocentric- not extremely focused on self
Use language without understanding the meaning of words, need to reinforce not to use words that they dont understand the meaning of, pay attention to what they are hearing and listening to
Dont have a full understanding of time (days, weeks, months)
Thinking is magical, believe their thoughts are all powerful

46
Q

Physical development of Preschooler

A

Proportions no longer resemble those of that squat, potbellied toddler, they are more slender with a sturdy frame
Gain about 5lb every year

47
Q

Average weight and height for 3yr

A

weight: 14.6kg (32lb)
height: 95cm (37.25in)

48
Q

Average weight and height for 4yr

A

Weight: 16.7kg (36.75lb)
Height: 103 cm (40.5in)

49
Q

Average weight and height for 5yr

A

Weight: 18.7kg (41.25lb)
Height: 110cm (43.25in)

50
Q

Motor Function of 3yr

A

Walking, running, climbing, and jumping well, stands on 1 foot for about 10 seconds, copy circle, build a tower of 9-10 cubes
Vocabulary of 900 words, talk using 3-4 sentences combined
Ask many questions
Dress and feed themselves - need help with buttons, zippers, turning clothes right side out, putting the left and right shoe on correctly, brushing teeth,

51
Q

Motor Function of 4yr

A

Skip and hop on one foot, catch a ball, throw overhand, walks up and down stairs alternating feet (supervise), use scissors, copy a square, draws 2 part stick figure
1500 word vocab, talks in 4-3 word sentences
Imaginary playmates (normal)
Very independent

52
Q

Motor Function of 5yr

A

Skips alternating feet, jumps rope, begins to sate with good balance, walks backwards, ties shoe laces
2100 word vocab, 6-8 word sentences
Names 4 or more colors
Knows days of week and months but still bad concept of time (use breakfast, lunch and dinner time frames)

53
Q

Nutrition for Preschooler

A

Picky eaters
1400-1600 calories/day for a moderately active child
Fruits, veggy and whole grain should be increased
Be aware of sugar-sweeteners
Diet must contain adequate Ca, Vit D
Decrease fats
Serving sizes should be about 1/2 cup portions
Quality over Quantity

54
Q

Nutrition By age 5

A

Become more agreeable to trying new food when encouraged by adults, love helping in the kitchen
Ready to social side eating, will sit quietly with family and eat

55
Q

Safety Considerations of Preschooler

A 
Supervision when playing anywhere
NEVER LEAVE CHILD ALONE AROUND WATER
Educate about hazards of the street and learn what the signs mean 
Appropriate car seat
Helmet to prevent head injury 
Prevent choking by cutting up foods
56
Q

Appropriate Car seat

A

Rear facing used by infants for as long as possible, to the weight limit of the harness
Never Forward facing before the 1st birthday and about 20-22lbs
When forward facing: toddler must be in a5 point harness until upper weight limit of harness is reached about 40-65lbs
Children age 4 and up to 4ft 9in to be in a booster seat

57
Q

Safety in hospital for Preschoolers

A

Bed in the lowest position
Side rails up and locked
Call light within reach and teach how to use it
Prevent choking on food or objects- cut up food and make sure HOB is elevated appropriately for them to eat

Pedi Exam 1 (18 decks)

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