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Ortho Midterm > growth and development (dr. mercado) > Flashcards

growth and development (dr. mercado) Flashcards

1
Q

What is interstitial growth?

A

growth inside of the tissues

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2
Q

interstitial and appositional growth is a combo of ___________, ___________ and ___________.

A

hyperplasia, hypertrophy, secretion of ECM

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3
Q

What type of growth occurs at ALL points within the tissue?

A

interstitial

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4
Q

the cranial base is formed by _________ growth.

A

interstitial

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5
Q

if the extracellular matrix is NOT mineralized, ___________ growth may continue in soft tissues and cartilages.

A

interstitial

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6
Q

which type of growth only occurs at the surface of bones?

A

appositional

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7
Q

what are two examples of interstitial growth?

A

all soft tissues, cartilage

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8
Q

appositional means____________.

A

addition to surfaces

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9
Q

what are examples of appositional growth?

A

bony surfaces of cranial vault, maxilla and mandible

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10
Q

which type of growth occurs via cells of the periosteum?

A

appositional

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11
Q

when the secreted ECM is mineralized, what is formed?

A

bone

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12
Q

can interstitial growth occur within bone?

A

NO

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13
Q

what is endochondral growth?

A

bone growth within cartilage, cartilage transformed into bone

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14
Q

during endochondral bone growth, where are the ossification centers?

A

within cartilage

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15
Q

what are two examples of endochondral bone growth?

A

chondrocranium (ethmoid, sphenoid, and basioccipital bones), epiphyseal plate of long bones

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16
Q

what is intramembranous growth?

A

secretion of bone matrix within or between connective tissue membranes

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17
Q

what type of bone growth does NOT have a cartilage intermediate and does NOT replace cartilage?

A

intramembranous

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18
Q

what is an example of intramembranous growth?

A

desmocranium (cranial vault, maxilla and mandible)

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19
Q

in relation to Meckel’s cartilage, where does intramembranous formation of bone occur?

A

just lateral to it

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20
Q

what kind of cartilage does condylar cartilage arise from?

A

independent secondary cartilage

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21
Q

which type of remodeling changes the shape of bone?

A

surface remodeling

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22
Q

which type of remodeling allows bone to adapt to mechanical stress?

A

internal remodeling

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23
Q

which type of remodeling allows for calcium and phosphate exchange?

A

internal

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24
Q

T/F: surface remodeling occurs at the surfaces of growing endochondral AND intramembranous bone.

A

TRUE

25
Q

T/F: internal remodeling results in resorption in one area and apposition in the other.

A

FALSE, appositional

26
Q

when vascular channels within bones bring ostercytes to the area, ___________ remodeling is occurring.

A

internal

27
Q

growth site of craniofacial complex

A

cranial base, cranial vault, nasomaxillary complex, mandible

28
Q

syndochondroses of the cranial base are __________ joints .

A

cartilaginous

29
Q

____________ growth at the sydochondroses results in cranial base lengthening.

A

endochondral

30
Q

the enlargement of the sphenoid bone is due to _________ remodeling.

A

surface

31
Q

the thre most important synchondrosis are ….

A

spheno-ethmoid, inter-sphenoidal and spheno-occipital

32
Q

direct ossification occurs in _________.

A

sutures

33
Q

re-active (secondary growth) occurs in _________.

A

sutures

34
Q

active (primary growth) occurs in____.

A

synchondrosis

35
Q

the nasomaxillary complex is formed entirely through __________ ossification.

A

intramembranous

36
Q

nasomaxillary growth occurs by ______ and _______.

A

apposition, surface remodeling

37
Q

the maxilla translates ______ and _______ away from the cranial base during growth.

A

down and forward

38
Q

what elongates the maxilla during growth?

A

apposition at circum-maxillary sutures

39
Q

while bone is being resorbed at the __________, apposition occurs at the _______ and _______. this causes palate to move mostly downward and widen transversely.

A

floor of the nose, palate and alveolar process

40
Q

maxillary apposition of bone occurs at the _____________.

A

maxillary tuberosity

41
Q

which surface (anterior or posterior) surface of the maxilla is resorbed?

A

anterior

42
Q

EXECPT at ________, the mandible grows via surface apposition and remodeling

A

condylar cartilage, which grows by endochondral growth

43
Q

mandible translates _____ and _____ away from cranial base.

A

down and forward

44
Q

what are the two principle growth sites of the mandible?

A

posterior surface of ramus, condylar and coronoid processes

45
Q

surface remodeling of the mandible allows the body to grow ________ and the ramus to grow_________.

A

longer, higher

46
Q

surface remodeling of the mandible allows more room in the mandible for ____________.

A

molars to erupt

47
Q

what is a growth site?

A

a location where growth occurs

48
Q

what is a growth center?

A

a location where INDEPENDENT growth occurs

49
Q

What are the major points and conclusion of the suture theory?

A

all tissues that form bone have intrinsic potential to do so, growth centers genetically controlled; sutures and periosteum are growth sites. sutures react rather than act independently. NO evidence for this theory

50
Q

what are the major points and conclusion of cartilage theory?

A

all cartilages are growth centers (i.e. cartilage in mandibular condyle controls growth of mandible); cranial base synchondroses and nasal septum act s independent growth centers pushing maxilla forward, mandibular condyle is merely growth site. PARTLY supported with evidence

51
Q

major points of functional matrix theory

A

heredity and genes play NO role, face growth occurs based on fxnl needs mediated by soft tissues, ALL tissues that form bone are growth sites (microcephaly vs. hydrocephaly). PARTLY supported with evidence

52
Q

fxnl matrix theory clinical applications

A

mandibular ankylosis, rapid maxillary expansion, distraction osteogenesis

53
Q

growth of ______ is a response to growth of brain. what are growth sites?

A

cranium, sutures and periosteum

54
Q

growth of _______ is a result of endochondral growth at synchondroses. what is growth center?

A

cranial base, synchondroses

55
Q

growth of _______ is primarily a result of apposition and remodeling as the is translated by soft tissues. what are growth sites?

A

maxilla, sutures and periosteum

56
Q

growth of _________ may result from endochondral growth at nasal septum cartilage (growth center)

A

maxilla

57
Q

growth of ________ occurs by endochondral growth at condyle and surface remodeling of bone is translated by soft tissues. what are growth sites?

A

mandible, condyle and periosteum

58
Q

What does Scammon’s growth curve show us?

A

different tissue system of the body grow at different rates

Ortho Midterm (7 decks)

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