Growth And Development

Question 1

Formal assessment of development

Answer 1

Age and stages questionnaires

Griffiths scales of child development 3 edition

Bayley screening test

Schedule of growing skills

Autism diagnostic observation schedule

Question 2

Sex

Answer 2

Physical features

The anatomy of a meal or female

Question 3

Sexuality

Answer 3

How human express themselves as a sexual being

Question 4

Gender

Answer 4

A set of characteristics that are seen to distinguish between male and female.

Environmental, social, emotional and genetic influences

Question 5

Puberty

Answer 5

Physical transformation of the child into an adult

Physical changes
Psychological issues, emotional, cognitive and behavioural differences

Question 6

Adolescence

Answer 6

Transitional stage of physical and meant all development, starting at puberty and ending at legal adulthood.

Question 7

Start of puberty

Answer 7

Genetic and hormonal influences

Initiated by a pulsating nocturnal release of gonadotropin releasing hormone for hypothalamus

Highly variable, 4-5 years between individuals

Females usually earlier than males

African Caribbean females earliest of all

Progressive changes occur for 4-5 years

50% complete growth in height over three years

Morbidity and mortality increases by 200% during adolescence

Question 8

Hypothalamus and pituitary

Answer 8

The anterior pituitary produces gonadotrophins, hormones which stimulate puberty and regulate gonad activity

Question 9

Key hormones puberty

Answer 9

Gonadotropin releasing hormone for hypothalamus stimulates pituitary production and release of

Gonadotropins produced by the pituitary gland, regulate gonad activity

• follicle stimulating hormone
• luteinising hormone

Gonads grow ovaries and testes, releasing gonadal sex hormones which leads to the gradual emergence of secondary sexual characteristics

Question 10

Follicle stimulating hormone

Answer 10

Produced by the pituitary gland, various effects

Females

• follicle development
• oestrogen production by the ovaries

Males
- stimulates nurse cell in the male testes which support sperm production

Question 11

Luteinising hormone

Answer 11

Produced by the pituitary gland

Females

• induces ovulation in females
• stimulates production of oestrogen sunshine and progesterone

Males
Induces androgen production in testes

Question 12

Sexual maturation rating

Tanner staging

Answer 12

Stage 1 pre pubertal
Stage 5 completed sexual maturation

Pubic hair ( pubarche )
Breast development ( thelarche )
Menstrual cycle ( menarche )
Testicular and penile development

Question 13

Pubertal changes normal age range of appearance

Answer 13

Thelarche 8.9-12.9

Pubarche 9.0-13.9

Menarche 9.3-17.0

Testicular enlargement 10.0-14.8

Peak height velocity M 12.2-16.5

Peak height velocity F 10.2-14.6

Adult breast state 11.0-19.0

Adult genitalia 11.0-18.0

Question 14

Pubertal changes

Answer 14

Gain 25% if final height

Doubting of body mass gaining 50% of ideal body weight

Adipose deposition and distribution changes

Lean body mass changes

Skeletal muscle changes in size and proportion

Pelvic remodelling

Erythrocyte mass increases in boys

Eye increase in axial diameter myopia

Hair distribution and skin changes

Cognitive and intellectual changes

Question 15

Males

Answer 15

At the onset of puberty the testes secrete large amounts of testosterone

Testicular enlargement/ colour change usually the first signs. Penis and testes grow

Males gain 9 kg per year during puberty

Totals 23 kg on average gained, yet lose body fat ( drops 12% ) . Peak velocity of growth occurs later than in girls: coincides with testicular growth and facial hair

Skeletal growth: density and length 25-30 cm in total (195 cm upper limit)

Maturation of shoulders and facial bone- Ramos of mandible 25% growth from 12-20 years

Spermenarche occurs at approx. 14 years

Question 16

Females

Answer 16

A age total weight gain of 17.5kg

Body fat increase from 16% to 27%

120% increase in body fat

Linear growth spurt begins between 9.5 years and 14.5 years

Usually ends by 16.5 years

Gain 20-25 cm in height (upper limit 180 cm)

Onset of menstruation occurs 2-4 years after the initial appearance of Brest buds

Pelvic width increase and curved silhouette develops

Question 17

Precocious puberty

Answer 17

Males, before the age of 9 years - likely to be pathological

Females before the age of 8 years - less likely to be pathological

Question 18

Delayed puberty

Answer 18

Older than 14 years in males
50% have no pathological cause

Older than 13.5 years in females
80% of girls have pathological cause

Question 19

Hormones of sexual development

Answer 19

Androgens - mainly testosterone

Oestrogen

Progestogens

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (hypothalamus)

Luteinising hormone (pituitary)

Follicle situating hormone (pituitary)

Question 20

Oestrogen

Answer 20

Produced by the ovaries, and adrenal glands

Also produced in fat cells

Involved in the growth, maintenance and repair of reproductive tissues- and other bodily effects

Reduced body fat (anorexia nervous) and extreme exercise can reduce oestrogen production

Question 21

Testosterone

Answer 21

Testosterone is a steroid hormone

Produced in the testes and adrenal glands of males

Stimulates growth of the testes, seminiferous tubules and prostate in the male

Females produce small amounts too - in the ovary and adrenal glands

Question 22

Progesterone

Answer 22

Produced by the corpus luteum, the adrenal vortex and the placent

Progesterone supports gestation and influence menstrual cycle

Question 23

Ovarian cycle

Answer 23

Primarily - follicle

Secondary - follicle

Vescicular - follicle

Corpus - luteum

Regression

Corpus - albicans

Question 24

External changes

Answer 24

Hair : pubic hair, underarm hair, leg hair, facial hair, chest hair

Skin: increased production of oil, sweating gleaned, acne

Testicular and penis growth and deeper voice changes ( boys)

Menarche and breast development (girls)