Growth And Development Flashcards
When does wt double by and triple by?
Doubles by 6 month
Triples by 1 year
When anterior and posterior fontanelsclose?
Posterior - 2 months (6-8 weeks)
Anterior- 12-18 months
If a parent is unable to stay with the toddler when ill, encourage him or her to
designate another family member, such as a grandparent.
At birth, infants are dominated by biological needs and drives. The reliability and quality of their relationship with caregivers will influence the extent to which they develop a sense of trust (or mistrust) in others, themselves, and the world in general. The virtue of hope is associated with this stage.
Trust Versus Mistrust (Infancy) 0- 18 months
Social demands for self-control and bodily regulation (toilet training) influence feelings of self-efficacy versus self-doubt. The quality of will, the willful self-discipline to do what is expected and expectable, emerges at stage two.
Stage 2: Autonomy Versus Doubt and Shame (Early Childhood) 18 months-3 years?
Here children begin actively exploring their environment. Will they sense guilt about these self-initiated activities, or will they feel justified in planning and asserting control over their activities? The virtue of purpose—the courage to pursue personally valued goals in spite of risks and possible failure—now ascends.
Stage 3: Initiative Versus Guilt (Preschool Age) 3-6?
The societal context in which the first three psychosocial conflicts are negotiated is predominantly the home and immediate family. In stage four, however, children begin formal instruction of some sort. Mastery of tasks and skills valued by one’s teachers and the larger society becomes focal. The quality of competence is said to develop. (if they don’t complete tasks, they may feel inferior.)
Stage 4: Industry Versus Inferiority (School Age) 6-12?
Stage 5: Identity and Diffusion (Adolescence) 12-20
3/…?
This is the linchpin in Erikson’s scheme, a time when adolescents actively attempt to synthesize their experiences in an effort to formulate a stable sense of identity. Although this process is psychosocial in nature—a social fit or “solidarity with group ideals” must occur—Erikson emphasizes reality testing and the acquisition of credible self-knowledge. Youths come to view themselves as products of their previous experiences, and a unified sense of temporal self-continuity is experienced. Positive resolutions of prior crises—being trusting, autonomous, willful, and industrious—facilitate identity formation; previous failures may lead to identity diffusion. Fidelity, the the ability to maintain commitments in spite of contradictory value systems, is the virtue that emerges during adolescence.
Stage 5: Identity and Diffusion (Adolescence) 12-20
3/…?
Discipline
What to say”—Tips for effective discipline During effective discipline, allow for negotiation and flexibility, which can help build the child’s social skills. Also, allow the child to experience the consequences of behavior.
• Speak to the child as you would want to be spoken to if someone were reprimanding you.
• Neve Rationalizing
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○ Remember to be CONSISTENT! For example: do not tell a child that they can’t go to the football game because they forgot to do a chore; but then proceed to tell them their sibling wants to go and then allow them to go when they shouldn’t be able to.
r resort to name-calling, yelling, or disrespect
.• Be clear about what you mean
.• Be firm and specific. Whenever possible, the consequences must be delivered immediately, relate to the rule broken, be short enough in duration, and emphasize the positives. In addition, the consequences must be fair and appropriate to the situation and the child’s age.
: helps to educate and promote safety
● Time-outs/grounding
● Corporal punishments
● Withholding
Rationalize
Remember to be CONSISTENT! For example: do not tell a child that they can’t go to the football game because they forgot to do a chore; but then proceed to tell them their sibling wants to go and then allow them to go when they shouldn’t be able to.
Toddler Nutrition and Eating habits ?
Nutrition: Family meals; allow toddler to self-feed and use a cup at mealtimes;
allow child to make food choices;
provide finger foods;
provide two to three healthy snacks per day;
do not force eating
Instruct the family on good hygienic practices: infants
- Wash hands after changing diapers and using the toilet.
- Wash hands before food preparation and eating.
- Carefully dispose of soiled diapers.
- Wash linen or clothing contaminated with stool separately in hot water.
- Clean contaminated household surfaces with bleach and water (1/4 cup of bleach to 1 gallon of water).
- Teach families about the importance of the HAV and HBV vaccinations.
Children; grow from head to tail, middle to distal, simple to complex, grow at the same steps but not the same rates.
Yes
Babbling at 4 months • Roll front to back 5 months • Back to tummy at 6 months • Pick things up like food (handful) 4-6 months • Sitting by 8 months • Pick things up with Pincher 8-9 months • Object permanence by 9-10 months • Walk at 12 months
Yes
the infant knows that an object still exists even if covered up or removed from sight (9-10 month)
object permanence
concept of death
• Infant;
undefined due to level of cognition.
Toddler concept of death
• Toddlers; unable to distinguish fact from fantasy inhibits true perception of death (death may mean separation from parents; respond with fear and sadness).
