Growth and Development Flashcards
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is an infant-18 months at?
trust vs mistrust
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 18 month old - 3 year old in?
Autonomy vs Shame & doubt
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 3 year - 5 year old in?
Initiative vs Guilt
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 5 year old - 13 years old in?
Industry vs inferiority
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 13 year old - 21 year old in?
Identity vs Role Confusion
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 21 year old - 39 years old in?
Intimacy vs Isolation
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 40 year old - 65 year old in?
Generativity vs Isolation
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is 65 years or older in?
Ego integrity vs despair
what freudian stage is an infant in?
ORAL STAGE meaning that the mouth is the major source of gratification and the primary need is security
- gains 5-7 oz a week
- grows 1.5 cm in the first month
- head circumference increases 1.5cm/month
- holds hand in fist (fine motor)
- draws arms and legs to body when crying (fine motor)
- inborn reflexes such as startle and rooting are predominant activity (gross motor)
- may lift head briefly if prone (gross motor)
- alerts to high pitched sounds
- comforts with touch
- prefers to look at faces and black and white geometric designs
- follows objects in line of vision
Birth to 1 month
- posterior fontanele closes
- ingests 120 mL/kg/24hr (2oz/lb/24hr)
- hold rattle and other objects when placed in hand
- looks at and plays with own fingers
- brings hands to midline
- moro reflex fading in strength
- can turn from side to back and then return
- decrease in head lag when puled to sitting position; some bobbing
- when prone, holds head and supports weight in forearm
- follow objects 180 degrees
2-4 months
- doubles birth weight at this point
- teeth may begin erupting at 6 months
- ingests 100mL/kg/24hr
- grasps rattle and other objects at will;drops them to pick up another object
- mouths objects
- holds feet and pulls to mouth
- holds bottle
- grasps with whole hand (palmar)
- manipulates objects
- head held steady when sitting.
- no head lag when pulled to sitting
- turns from abdomen to back by 4 months and then back to abdomen by 6 months
- when held standing supports much of own weight
- examines complex visual changes
- watches the course of a falling object
4-6 months
- gains 3-5 oz per week
- grows 1 cm per month
- growth rate slower than first 6 months
- bangs objects held in hands
- transfers objects from one hand to another
- beginning pincer grasp at times
- most inborn reflexes extinguished
- sits alone steadily without support by 8 months
- likes to bounce on legs when standing (with support)
- responds readily to sounds
- recognizes own name and responds by looking and smiling
- enjoys small and complex objects at play
6-8 months
- picks up small objects
- uses pincer grasps
- crawls or pulls whole body along floor by arms
- creeps by using hands and knees to keep trunk off the floor
- pulls self to standing and sitting by 10 months
- recovers balance when sitting
- understands words such as no and cracker
- may say one word in addition to mama and dada
8-10 months
- head circumference equals chest circumference
- triples in birth weight at this age
- may hold crayon or pencil and can make mark on paper
- places objects into containers through holes
- stands alone
- walks holding onto furniture
- sits down from standing
- plays peek-a-boo and patty cake
10-12 months
what kind of play does an infant participate in ?
- engages in solitary play, although social interactions enhances play
- learns and matures through feel and sound of activities and objects
- as the infant begins to crawl and walk, the sphere of play enlarges and the effect of play on growth and development increases
what freudian stage is a toddler in?
ANAL STAGE meaning that the anus and bladder are the major source of pleasure, satisfaction, and self control
- anterior fontanelle closes
- by end of the second year, builds a tower of four blocks.
- scribbles on paper, can undress themselves
- throws a ball
- runs
- shows growing ability to walk and finally walks with ease
- walks up and down stairs in few months after learning how to walk with ease
- likes push and pull toys
- visual acuity is that of 20/50
1-2 years old
- draws a circle and other rudimentary forms
- learns to pour
- learning to dress self
- jumps, kicks ball
- throws ball overhead
2-3 years old
- give short and clear instructions
- do not give choices if none exist
- offer a choice of two alternatives when possible
- approach positively slowly, allowing time for the toddler to adjust
- tell toddler what you are doing, and say the names of objects
Strategies for communicating with toddlers
what kind of play does a toddler participate in?
- increased motor skills enable the toddler to engage in new ways of playing
- play becomes more social, and often includes parallel play with other toddlers,
- engages in imitative behavior, which teaches them new skills and actions
- increased cognitive abilities enables toddler to manipulate objects and learn about their qualities
what freudian stage is a preschooler in?
PHALLIC stage meaning that the focus is on gentials, masturbation, and oedipus or electra complex
- grows 4 -6 cm within a year
- uses scissors
- draws circles, squares and crosses
- draws at least a six part person
- enjoys art projects such as painting, stringing beads, using clay
- learns to tie shoes at the end of the preschool years
- buttons clothes
- brushes teeth
- uses spoon, fork and knife
- eats three meals with snacks
preschool years
- throws a ball overhead
- climbs well
- rides bicycle
- visual acuity continues to improve
- can focus on and earn letter and numbers
preschool years
- participated in associative and dramatic play
- enjoys large motor activities
- increased manual dexterity is demonstrated in greater complexity of play activities
- fantasy play enhances growth and development
the role of play in preschool years
What freudian stage is a school age child in ?
LATENCY STAGE in which sexual impulses are repressed.
-physical and intellectual activities and relationships with same sex are built
- grows 4-6 cm per year
- enjoys craft projects
- plays card and board games
- rides two wheelers
- jumps rope
- roller skates or ice skates
- can read
- able to concentrate for longer periods on activities by filtering out surrounding sounds
School age children 6-12 years old
- gross development is fostered by ball sports, skating, dancing lessons, water and snow ski/boarding, biking
- a sense of industry is fostered by playing a musical instrument, gathering collections, starting hobbies, playing board and video games.
- cognitive growth is facilitated by reading, crafts, word puzzles, schoolwork
- mature use of language
- ability to converse and discuss topics for increasing lengths of time
- spends many hours at school and with friends in sports or other activities.
development during school age years
when communicating:
- provide concrete examples of pictures and materials to accompany verbal descriptions
- assess knowledge before teaching
- allow child to select rewards following procedures
- teach techniques such as counting or visualization to manage difficult situations
- include child in discussion and history with parent
- be honest in explanations
strategies for communicating with a school age child
What role of play does a school age child participate in ?
- increased physical abilities to allow greater range and complexity of activities
- engages in cooperative play, which increases social and cognitive skills
what freudian stage is an adolescent in ?
GENITAL STAGE meaning that their energy is toward sexual maturity and function. Their skills to cope with the environment are crafted.
- variation in the age of growth spurt
- skills are well developed
- new sport activities attempted and muscle development continues
- some lack of coordination common during growth spurt
- fully developed sensory abilities
- increasing communication and time with peer group: movies, dances, driving, eating out, attending sports events, etc.
- applying abstract thought and analysis in conversations at home and school
Developmental Milestones in Adolescence
communication strategies:
- provide written as well as verbal explanations
- direct history and explanations to teen alone; then include parent
- allow for safe exploration of topics by suggesting that teen is similar to other teens
- arrange meetings for discussions with other teens
communication strategies with an adolescent
