Growth and Development Flashcards
1
Q
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is an infant-18 months at?
A
trust vs mistrust
2
Q
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 18 month old - 3 year old in?
A
Autonomy vs Shame & doubt
3
Q
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 3 year - 5 year old in?
A
Initiative vs Guilt
4
Q
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 5 year old - 13 years old in?
A
Industry vs inferiority
5
Q
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 13 year old - 21 year old in?
A
Identity vs Role Confusion
6
Q
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 21 year old - 39 years old in?
A
Intimacy vs Isolation
7
Q
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is a 40 year old - 65 year old in?
A
Generativity vs Isolation
8
Q
what stage of Erickson’s stages of psycho-social development is 65 years or older in?
A
Ego integrity vs despair
9
Q
what freudian stage is an infant in?
A
ORAL STAGE meaning that the mouth is the major source of gratification and the primary need is security
10
Q
- gains 5-7 oz a week
- grows 1.5 cm in the first month
- head circumference increases 1.5cm/month
- holds hand in fist (fine motor)
- draws arms and legs to body when crying (fine motor)
- inborn reflexes such as startle and rooting are predominant activity (gross motor)
- may lift head briefly if prone (gross motor)
- alerts to high pitched sounds
- comforts with touch
- prefers to look at faces and black and white geometric designs
- follows objects in line of vision
A
Birth to 1 month
11
Q
- posterior fontanele closes
- ingests 120 mL/kg/24hr (2oz/lb/24hr)
- hold rattle and other objects when placed in hand
- looks at and plays with own fingers
- brings hands to midline
- moro reflex fading in strength
- can turn from side to back and then return
- decrease in head lag when puled to sitting position; some bobbing
- when prone, holds head and supports weight in forearm
- follow objects 180 degrees
A
2-4 months
12
Q
- doubles birth weight at this point
- teeth may begin erupting at 6 months
- ingests 100mL/kg/24hr
- grasps rattle and other objects at will;drops them to pick up another object
- mouths objects
- holds feet and pulls to mouth
- holds bottle
- grasps with whole hand (palmar)
- manipulates objects
- head held steady when sitting.
- no head lag when pulled to sitting
- turns from abdomen to back by 4 months and then back to abdomen by 6 months
- when held standing supports much of own weight
- examines complex visual changes
- watches the course of a falling object
A
4-6 months
13
Q
- gains 3-5 oz per week
- grows 1 cm per month
- growth rate slower than first 6 months
- bangs objects held in hands
- transfers objects from one hand to another
- beginning pincer grasp at times
- most inborn reflexes extinguished
- sits alone steadily without support by 8 months
- likes to bounce on legs when standing (with support)
- responds readily to sounds
- recognizes own name and responds by looking and smiling
- enjoys small and complex objects at play
A
6-8 months
14
Q
- picks up small objects
- uses pincer grasps
- crawls or pulls whole body along floor by arms
- creeps by using hands and knees to keep trunk off the floor
- pulls self to standing and sitting by 10 months
- recovers balance when sitting
- understands words such as no and cracker
- may say one word in addition to mama and dada
A
8-10 months
15
Q
- head circumference equals chest circumference
- triples in birth weight at this age
- may hold crayon or pencil and can make mark on paper
- places objects into containers through holes
- stands alone
- walks holding onto furniture
- sits down from standing
- plays peek-a-boo and patty cake
A
10-12 months
16
Q
what kind of play does an infant participate in ?
A
- engages in solitary play, although social interactions enhances play
- learns and matures through feel and sound of activities and objects
- as the infant begins to crawl and walk, the sphere of play enlarges and the effect of play on growth and development increases
17
Q
what freudian stage is a toddler in?
A
ANAL STAGE meaning that the anus and bladder are the major source of pleasure, satisfaction, and self control
18
Q
- anterior fontanelle closes
- by end of the second year, builds a tower of four blocks.
- scribbles on paper, can undress themselves
- throws a ball
- runs
- shows growing ability to walk and finally walks with ease
- walks up and down stairs in few months after learning how to walk with ease
- likes push and pull toys
- visual acuity is that of 20/50
A
1-2 years old
19
Q
- draws a circle and other rudimentary forms
- learns to pour
- learning to dress self
- jumps, kicks ball
- throws ball overhead
A
2-3 years old
20
Q
- give short and clear instructions
- do not give choices if none exist
- offer a choice of two alternatives when possible
- approach positively slowly, allowing time for the toddler to adjust
- tell toddler what you are doing, and say the names of objects
A
Strategies for communicating with toddlers
21
Q
what kind of play does a toddler participate in?
A
- increased motor skills enable the toddler to engage in new ways of playing
- play becomes more social, and often includes parallel play with other toddlers,
- engages in imitative behavior, which teaches them new skills and actions
- increased cognitive abilities enables toddler to manipulate objects and learn about their qualities
22
Q
what freudian stage is a preschooler in?
A
PHALLIC stage meaning that the focus is on gentials, masturbation, and oedipus or electra complex
23
Q
- grows 4 -6 cm within a year
- uses scissors
- draws circles, squares and crosses
- draws at least a six part person
- enjoys art projects such as painting, stringing beads, using clay
- learns to tie shoes at the end of the preschool years
- buttons clothes
- brushes teeth
- uses spoon, fork and knife
- eats three meals with snacks
A
preschool years
24
Q
- throws a ball overhead
- climbs well
- rides bicycle
- visual acuity continues to improve
- can focus on and earn letter and numbers
A
preschool years
25
- participated in associative and dramatic play
- enjoys large motor activities
- increased manual dexterity is demonstrated in greater complexity of play activities
- fantasy play enhances growth and development
the role of play in preschool years
26
What freudian stage is a school age child in ?
LATENCY STAGE in which sexual impulses are repressed.
| -physical and intellectual activities and relationships with same sex are built
27
- grows 4-6 cm per year
- enjoys craft projects
- plays card and board games
- rides two wheelers
- jumps rope
- roller skates or ice skates
- can read
- able to concentrate for longer periods on activities by filtering out surrounding sounds
School age children 6-12 years old
28
- gross development is fostered by ball sports, skating, dancing lessons, water and snow ski/boarding, biking
- a sense of industry is fostered by playing a musical instrument, gathering collections, starting hobbies, playing board and video games.
- cognitive growth is facilitated by reading, crafts, word puzzles, schoolwork
- mature use of language
- ability to converse and discuss topics for increasing lengths of time
- spends many hours at school and with friends in sports or other activities.
development during school age years
29
when communicating:
- provide concrete examples of pictures and materials to accompany verbal descriptions
- assess knowledge before teaching
- allow child to select rewards following procedures
- teach techniques such as counting or visualization to manage difficult situations
- include child in discussion and history with parent
- be honest in explanations
strategies for communicating with a school age child
30
What role of play does a school age child participate in ?
- increased physical abilities to allow greater range and complexity of activities
- engages in cooperative play, which increases social and cognitive skills
31
what freudian stage is an adolescent in ?
GENITAL STAGE meaning that their energy is toward sexual maturity and function. Their skills to cope with the environment are crafted.
32
- variation in the age of growth spurt
- skills are well developed
- new sport activities attempted and muscle development continues
- some lack of coordination common during growth spurt
- fully developed sensory abilities
- increasing communication and time with peer group: movies, dances, driving, eating out, attending sports events, etc.
- applying abstract thought and analysis in conversations at home and school
Developmental Milestones in Adolescence
33
communication strategies:
- provide written as well as verbal explanations
- direct history and explanations to teen alone; then include parent
- allow for safe exploration of topics by suggesting that teen is similar to other teens
- arrange meetings for discussions with other teens
communication strategies with an adolescent
