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Sophomore 1 Test 1 > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Erikson’s Developmental Stage for Infants

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

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2
Q

Freud Developmental Stage for Infants

A

Oral Stage - everything goes in their mouths

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3
Q

Infant Fears

A
  1. Stranger anxiety - around 8 months, any new or infrequently seen person may illicit response
  2. Separation anxiety - around 8 months; they do not understand that parent will come back when they go
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4
Q

Describe Play-Time for an Infant

A
  1. Solitary play
  2. Play is their “work” - practice gross and fine motor skills, problem solving
  3. Would rather play with parent than toy
  4. Older infants - stacks cups or large blocks
  5. Reading to an infant is beneficial
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5
Q

How do infants communicate?

A

Infants communicate through the senses - touch, sight, and hearing

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6
Q

How can we respond to infant communication?

A
  1. Respond to crying in timely manner
  2. Talk to the baby directly but allow them time to warm to you
  3. Use soothing, calm tone
  4. Use play with older infant
  5. Watch for signs of overstimulation
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7
Q

Signs of overstimulation in an infant

A
  1. Yawning
  2. Turning away
  3. Decreased eye contact
  4. Irritability
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8
Q

How long should a carseat be rear-facing?

A

Until 2 years old

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9
Q

Safe Sleep for Infants (SIDS prevention)

A
  1. Sleep on their backs
  2. Firm mattress that fits snugly to crib rails, no bumpers
  3. Use tight-fitting sheet with no blankets, toys, or pillows in bed
  4. Never leave side rail down
  5. If placed in car seat or swing, always use safety straps
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10
Q

Calorie Needs for a 1-6 month old

A

108 kcal/kg/day

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11
Q

Calorie Needs for a 6-12 month old

A

98 kcal/kg/day

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12
Q

Fluid Needs for infants

A
  1. 100 mL/kg/day for first 10 kg

2. 50 mL/kg/day for next 10 kg

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13
Q

How long must an infant be fed breastmilk/formula exclusively?

A

4-6 months

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14
Q

Solid Foods for Infants

A

Start with soft/pureed food on spoon

  1. Extrusion of tongue - will push out foods from spoon (disappears 4-6 months)
  2. Lacks proper enzymes to digest and ability to swallow safely
  3. Should be sitting in high chair before starting
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15
Q

Infant Teething Interventions

A
  1. Cold teething ring
  2. Baby oragel
    * *Fever, vomiting, and diarrhea are not generally considered signs of teething but of illness
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16
Q

Failure to Thrive

A
  1. Failure to continue on growth curve
  2. Multifactoral
  3. Developmental delays
  4. Loss of milestones
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17
Q

Toddler Ages

A

1 and 2 (from turning 1 to turning 3)

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18
Q

Erikson’s Developmental Stages for Toddlers

A

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

  1. Power struggles - finding their independence, sense of control
  2. Negativism - “no” is often the answer even if they mean yes
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19
Q

Freud Developmental Stage for Toddlers

A

Anal Stage - focus on achieving sphincter control

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20
Q

Toddler Fears

A
  1. Separation Anxiety
  2. Strangers
  3. Dark
  4. Loud noises
  5. Large or unfamiliar animals
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21
Q

What is emotional lability and what age group typically displays it?

A

Toddlers - they can be happy and pleasant one minute, then overreacting to limit setting the next minute

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22
Q

Describe Play-Time for a Toddler

A
  1. Parallel play - play along side rather than cooperatively
  2. Delayed imitation of others using symbols (making “cupcakes” using blocks
  3. Animism - human feelings given to objects (“my truck is sad”)
  4. Its “mine” - do not do well taking turns or sharing until age 3
  5. Need 30 minutes of structured physical activity (practice throwing) per day and 1 or more hours of unstructured (letting them run around)
  6. Reading to toddler is beneficial
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23
Q

Aspects of Toddler Communication

A

They will repeat phrases that they do not understand, will use only important words in sentences (“want cookie milk”)

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24
Q

How can we respond/facilitate toddler communication?

A
  1. Approach toddlers carefully, expect fear with some natural resistance
  2. Use toddler’s preferred words for objects or actions to help them understand (go potty, etc.)
  3. Tell them about procedures immediately before to reduce building anxiety
  4. Play along side them - dolls, stories, stickers
  5. Comment on their toys, role play with procedures on the dolls
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25
Q

How can we teach toddlers?

A
  1. Allow them time to ask/answer using their own words and thoughts
  2. Give two possible choices and use simple honest language (which yummy medicine do you want first? Cherry or grape?)
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26
Q

Toddlers and Choking

A
  1. Add difficult to chew foods slowly and cut all food into small bite size pieces
  2. Avoid very hard to chew foods (nuts, chewy candies, raw carrots, peanut butter, popcorn)
  3. Cut hot dogs into quarters
  4. Steam or cook hard foods such as carrots until soft
  5. Always supervise children while eating
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27
Q

Why is poisoning a huge issue with toddlers?

A

They have poor taste discrimination and they are very curious

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28
Q

Toddler Water-Related Safety

A
  1. Cannot truly learn to swim until age 4
  2. May still drown in small amount of water (toilet, bathtub, buckets)
  3. Fence around all pools with locked gates
  4. Never leave unattended in water (even during bath time or if in flotation device)
  5. CPR
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29
Q

Breastfeeding Weaning

A

The longer the mother breast feeds, the less likely for child to be obese
- Recommended for at least 1 year in US and 2 by World Health Organization

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30
Q

Bottle Weaning

A

Wean by 12-15 months due to risk of cavities

31
Q

Calorie Needs for Toddlers

A

1000-1400 cal/day depending on lifestyle
**Do not require toddlers to finish their plate of food (they usually self-regulate what their bodies need if given healthy options instead of junk food)

32
Q

Calcium-Rich Foods for Toddlers

A
  1. Dairy
  2. Broccoli
  3. Oranges
  4. Sweet potatoes
  5. Tofu
  6. Dried beans
  7. Legumes
33
Q

Iron Intake for Toddlers

A

Limit iron poor cow’s milk and fruit juice - replace with iron rich foods

34
Q

Fiber Intake for Toddlers

A

Recommended 19 grams

  1. Applesauce
  2. Carrots
  3. Green beans
  4. Mango
  5. Pears
35
Q

How to decrease risk of cavities for toddlers

A
  1. Limit no spill sippy cups

2. Teeth brushing with small amount of flouride twice daily

36
Q

Toddler Concerns

A
  1. Tantrums

2. Regression

37
Q

Erikson’s Developmental Stage for Preschool Age

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

- Pride when they accomplish something and guilt when they can’t

38
Q

Freud Developmental Stage for Preschool Age

A

Pleasure centers on genitalia and masturbation

- Rivalry with same-sex parent, love of opposite sex parent

39
Q

Preschool Age Fears

A
  1. Loud noises
  2. Imaginary monsters
  3. Dark
  4. Strange people/animals
  5. Previous painful place
40
Q

Describe Play-Time for Preschool Age Child

A

Cooperative Play Begins

  1. Magical thinking - use make believe to satisfy curiosity in the world (imaginary friend)
  2. Good vs. bad based on whether they are punished (testing limits)
41
Q

Preschool Ages

A

3, 4, and 5 year olds

42
Q

How can we respond/facilitate preschool age communication?

A
  1. Use play - puppets or storytelling via 3rd party
  2. Speak honestly and use simple concrete terms
  3. Allow the child choices as appropriate
  4. Prepare them about 1 hour before the procedure
43
Q

Teaching Preschool Age Patients

A
  1. Simple, concise, concrete explanations
  2. Be honest
  3. Use “soft” or less scary words when possible
  4. Tell 3 year olds 0-1 hour before procedure
  5. Tell 4-6 year olds 1-2 days in advance
  6. Use parents as resource for coping skills and expected behavior (“at home we do this …)
  7. Provide active role if possible to build self-confidence and sense of control
  8. Respect the child’s wishes when they demonstrate/verbalize that they do not want more info
  9. Praise the child for their help and use please, thank you and other manners
44
Q

Car Safety for School Age Children

A
  1. Always in backseat if possible, if in front seat - disable airbag
  2. Front facing car seat - up to age 4 and no longer meats the height restriction
  3. Booster seat with shoulder and lap belts - up until 4’9” and 8-12 years old
45
Q

Calorie Needs for Preschool Age Children

A

1000-1600 cal/day or 85 kcal/kg

  • Do not require them to finish their plates = they self-regulate
  • Do not reward or punish with food
46
Q

Calcium Needs for Preschool Age Children

A

500-800 mg

47
Q

Iron Needs for Preschool Age Children

A

10 mg daily - excess milk may lower iron as milk blocks absorption

48
Q

Fiber Needs for Preschool Age Children

A

Minimum of 19

49
Q

Preschool Children Concerns

A
  1. Lying

2. Masturbation

50
Q

School Age Children

A

6-12 years old (preadolescence)

51
Q

Erikson’s Developmental Stage for School Age Children

A

Industry vs. Inferiority

*Seek to master new skills to promote self-worth but worried about inferiority if do not meet adult expectations

52
Q

Freud Developmental Stage for School Age Children

A

Latency - tranquil phase, focus on activities that develop social and cognitive skills

53
Q

School Age Children Fears

A
  1. Dark
  2. Death
  3. Surgery
  4. Kidnapping
  5. Worry about past behavior, loss of control
54
Q

Describe Play-Time for School Age Children

A 
Cooperative play (sports) and solitary play
*Need approval of peers
55
Q

How to respond/facilitate communication with school age children

A
  1. They are very interested in learning and appreciate simple but honest responses directed directly to them
  2. Like to participate in their own care
  3. Third party communication
  4. Allow child to do as much as possible
  5. They are able to sequence, understand cause and effect, and make sense of time (can teach steps to changing tables)
  6. Praise them!
56
Q

When can you tell 6-7 year old about procedure?

A

1-2 days ahead

57
Q

When can you tell 8-12 year olds about procedure?

A

3-7 days ahead

58
Q

Car Safety for School Aged Children

A
  1. Seat belt or age - and weight-appropriate booster seat (usually until 80 pounds and about 4’9” inches) should be used at all times
  2. Children under 12 years must sit in back seat
  3. Childproof locks should be used in back seat
59
Q

Calorie/Calcium Needs for 4-8 year old boys

A

1400-1600 cal/day; 800-1000 mg calcium

60
Q

Calorie/Calcium Needs for 9-13 year old boys

A

1800-2000 cal/day; 1300 mg calcium

61
Q

Calorie/Calcium Needs for 4-8 year old girls

A

1400-1600 cal/day; 800-1000 mg calcium

62
Q

Calorie/Calcium Needs for 9-13 year old girls

A

1600-2000 cal/day; 1300 mg calcium

63
Q

School Age Children Concerns

A
  1. Screen times
  2. School phobia
  3. Latchkey kids
  4. Bullying
  5. Tobacco and alcohol teaching
64
Q

Adolescent Ages

A

11-20 (may be some overlap based on when puberty starts for a child)

65
Q

Erikson’s Developmental Stage for Adolescents

A

Identity vs. Confusion/Diffusion

-Depends on how well they completed earlier phases, frequent mood changes, struggles with separation from parents

66
Q

Freud Stage for Adolescents

A

Genital Stage

67
Q

Adolescent Fears

A
  1. Body system issues
  2. Changes in appearance
  3. Separation from peers and maybe parents
68
Q

Describe Play-Time for Adolescents

A

Peer groups are essential

69
Q

How do you respond/facilitate adolescent communication?

A
  1. Always respect teen’s need for privacy and confidentiality
  2. Use appropriate medical terms and define as needed
  3. Use creativity
  4. Prepare teen up to 1 week prior to procedure
70
Q

Teaching Adolescents

A
  1. Allow them control and be involved in all decision making about their care
  2. Can understand why doing something is important (exercising, eating right)
  3. They are very concerned with how they look and how they fit in with peers
  4. They strive for independence and their values may not agree with their parents or the medical community
71
Q

Nutrition Needs for Adolescent Boys

A
  1. 2400-2800 cal/day
  2. 1300 mg calcium
  3. 11 mg iron
  4. 52 g protein
72
Q

Nutrition Needs for Adolescent Girls

A
  1. 2000 cal/day
  2. 1300 mg calcium
  3. 15 mg iron
  4. 46 g protein
73
Q

Adolescent Concerns

A
  1. Homicides - 2nd leading cause of death
  2. Suicide - 3rd leading cause of death
  3. Substance abuse - pills, chemicals, street drugs, alcohol, tobacco
  4. Violence - dating, gang

Sophomore 1 Test 1 (5 decks)

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