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Orthodontics > Growth and Development > Flashcards

Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

Growth refers to an increase in?

A

Size or number

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2
Q

Growth is what kind of phenomenon?

A

An anatomic one

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3
Q

Development refers to an increase in?

A

Complexity

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4
Q

Development is what kind of phenomenon?

A

Physiologic or behavioral

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5
Q

The head makes up what percentage of the body as a fetus, newborn, and adult?

A

50%, 25%, and 12% respectively

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6
Q

When is neural tissue done growing?

A

By 6-7 years of age

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7
Q

The curve for body growth takes what shape?

A

S-shaped

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8
Q

Describe the growth of lymphoid tissue?

A

Reaches 200% of adult size by age 10 then rapidly involutes

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9
Q

What happens during the first stage of the female growth spurt?

A
  1. Breast buds
  2. Early pubic hair
  3. Growth spurt begins
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10
Q

When does the second stage of the female growth spurt occur and what happens?

A

One year after the first stage

  1. Peak of height
  2. Noticeable breast development
  3. Auxillary hair
  4. Dark pubic hair
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11
Q

When does the third stage of the female growth spurt occur and what happens?

A

12-18 months following the second stage

  1. End of height spurt
  2. Menarche
  3. Broadening of hips
  4. Female weight distribution
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12
Q

What happens in the first stage of the male growth spurt?

A

Fat spurt and increase in size of testes and scrotum

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13
Q

When does the second stage of the male growth spurt begin and what happens?

A

About one year after the first stage

  1. Begin height spurt
  2. Loss of fat
  3. Dark pubic hair
  4. Growth of penis
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14
Q

When does the third stage of the male growth spurt occur and what happens?

A

12-18 months after the second stage

  1. Facial hair on lip
  2. Peak of height
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15
Q

When does the fourth stage of the male growth spurt begin and what happens?

A

15-24 months after the third stage

  1. Facial hair on chin
  2. End of height spurt
  3. Adult auxiliary/pubic hair
  4. Weight gain- muscle
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16
Q

The maxilla and mandible grow at what rate relative to the body? Which finishes growing first?

A

Grow faster than the body. The maxilla finishes growing first

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17
Q

Describe the growth curve in males relative to females

A

it is wider and taller

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18
Q

On average the female growth curve peaks how many years before males? On average males grow how many years longer?

A

2 years for both

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19
Q

What are the 4 experimental methods for measuring growth?

A

Vital staining, tetracycline staining, implants, and autoradiographs

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20
Q

Vital staining uses what?

A

Alizarin which stains newly forming bone

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21
Q

What does tetracycline do to teeth?

A

It will stain newly forming enamel

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22
Q

What 3 things cause hard tissue growth?

A

Hypertrophy, hyperplasia, secretion of ECM

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23
Q

Which is more important?

A

Hyperplasia

24
Q

In hard tissue growth, what happens to ECM?

A

Mineralizes

25
Q

How does soft tissue growth occur?

A

Mainly by hypertrophy and hyperplasia, ECM secretion is secondary

26
Q

When hypertrophy and hyperplasia occur in all places at the same time this is?

A

Interstitial growth

27
Q

At what point can interstitial growth no longer occur?

A

When tissue mineralizes

28
Q

What are the major sites of interstitial growth?

A

base of skull and the long bones

29
Q

In development of the chondrocranium, what is present at 8 weeks?

A

Solid bar of cartilage from the nose to the occiput

30
Q

What is present at 12 weeks?

A

Intramembranous bone formation in the brain case and jaws, bone replaces cartilage

31
Q

In intramembranous ossification, bone is formed in what kind of environment? How is bone formed?

A

Membranous, formed by secretion of bone directly into connective tissue

32
Q

Endochondral ossification occurs in what type of environment?

A

Cartilagenous. Bone grows up into the cartilage and displaces it

33
Q

What is a suture or syndesmosis?

A

Joint between two bones without cartilage and a fibrous layer between the bony tissues

34
Q

Where is a suture or syndesmosis seen?

A

Cranial vault and face

35
Q

What is a fontanel?

A

Like a suture but bigger

36
Q

What is symphysis

A

A joint between two bones with membranous and cartilage tissue

37
Q

Where is symphysis seen and what kind of ossification is it?

A

Endochondral, connects the two halves of the mandible

38
Q

What is synchondrosis?

A

A joint between two bones with cartilage but no fiber

39
Q

How is a synchondrosis formed and where is it seen?

A

Endochondral ossification, seen in the cranial base

40
Q

What is synostosis?

A

Bone ceases to grow and the joints become fused

41
Q

Most of the initial formation of the mandible is due to what kind of growth?

A

Intramembranous ossification

42
Q

Where does the growth of the mandible occur?

A

Lateral and anterior to Meckel’s cartilage

43
Q

What kind of growth is seen in the condyle and when does it fuse with the mandible?

A

Endochondral, it fuses with the mandible at 4 months

44
Q

Growth of the cranial vault is due to what process? What causes the growth?

A

Intramembranous ossification, grows in response to brain growth

45
Q

When does the cranial vault ossify?

A

9 weeks in utero

46
Q

The bones of the cranial base are initially formed in?

A

Cartilage

47
Q

What occurs simultaneously to growth of the cranial base?

A

Sphenoidal sinus growth

48
Q

By what process does the maxilla grow? In what direction?

A

Intramembranous ossification. Grows away from the cranium, down and forward

49
Q

What causes growth of the maxilla?

A

Growth of the nasocranial complex and soft tissue growth

50
Q

The mandible grows in which direction but is translated?

A

Grows up and back but is translated down and forward

51
Q

Where is the biggest growth of the mandible seen?

A

In the posterior aspect

52
Q

At what age is the inter canine width and maxilla size established?

A

8 years old

53
Q

When does the jaw stop growing?

A

It doesn’t, it is continuously remodeled

54
Q

In terms of facial growth, what is determined by genetics?

A

Bone and cartilage

55
Q

Describe Dr.Moss’s theory?

A

Soft tissue function defines form. Soft tissue sends signals to bone and cartilage and they respond accordingly

Orthodontics (5 decks)

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