Growth and Development Flashcards
Head and Neck Gross Motor of Newborn
Barely able to lift head
What is the moro reflex and when does it disappear?
Startle; 4 months
What is the rooting reflex and when does it disappear?
turns toward cheek stroke; 3 months
When does the sucking reflex disappear?
2-5 months
When does the palmar grasp reflex disappear?
4-6 months
When does the plantar grasp reflex disappear?
9 months
Head and Neck Gross Motor 6 months
Lifts head, chest, upper abdomen and can bear weight on arms
When does the babinski reflex disappear?
12 months
Sitting gross motor 2 months
needs assistance; some core muscle
Sitting gross motor 6 months
can sit alone in the tripod position; unstable
Sitting gross motor 8 months
can sit without support and engage in play
When does a baby start rolling and how do they accomplish this
4-5 months from tummies to back first, then back to front..
When can a child stand independently from crawl position?
1 year
When can a child child/toddle quickly?
13 months
When should a child be able to run?
15 months
Fine motor of newborn
Objects involuntarily grasped and dropped without notice
Fine motor of 4 month
arm control; batting at mobile above crib
Fine motor of 6 month old
Palmar grasp; uses entire hand
Fine motor of 9 month old
Pincer grasp; uses thumb and forefinger
Speech and language 8-9 months
mama/dada as sounds
Speech and language 1-2 months
coos
Speech and language 10-12 months
mama/dada to communicate
Speech and language 18-20 months
20-30 words; 50% understood by strangers
Speech and language 22-24 months
2 word sentences, 75% understood by strangers
Speech and language 30-36 months
Almost all speech understood by strangers
Describe Infant Play
Solitary play: won’t play with another baby beside them or share
At what age is a fisted position of hand a red flag?
6 months
At what age is not bringing hands to midline a red flag
10 months
At what age is not smiling a red flag
4 months
Describe the gross motor of a toddler
walks, runs, kicks and throws, can jump on one foot
Fine motor of 12 month old
transfers object from hand to hand
Fine motor of 24 month
Begins to color, turn pages of books, builds tower
Fine motor of 36 months
Colors within the lines
Fine motor of 5 year old
beginning to write letters/write their name, draws person with some body parts/picture that anybody can recognize
When does stranger anxiety subside?
2.5-3
Describe toddler play
Parallel Play: beside, but not with eachother
What age is not walking a red flag?
18 months
Describe red flags in assessment of a toddler
- unaware of environmental changes
- poor/no eye contact
- difficulty calming self
- not responding to noise
- not engaging in pretend play
What are the fine motor/cognitive skills of a preschool child?
- Buttoning clothing
- Holding a crayon / pencil
- Building with small blocks
- Using scissors
- Playing a board game
- Have child draw picture of himself
What type of play do preschool children engage in?
Associative Play: begin to interact with each other and become helpful
What are potential red flags in preschool age children?
- lack of socialization
- inability to carry out self care tasks
- unable to undo large buttons
At what age do children usually join team sports
6-8
What kind of play do school aged children engage in?
Cooperative Play: Playing together as a team
What are potential red flags in school age children?
- lack of friends
- academic failure
- aggressive behaviour
What is the typical weight gain from 2-6 months?
10-30 grams/day or 70-210 grams/week
What is the typical height advancement from 2-6 months?
1.5cm/month
What is the typical gain in head circumference from 2-6months?
1.5cm/months
Describe the weight of a child at 5 and 12 months compared to birth?
Doubles then triples
Define the growth spurt girls undergo
gain about 7-25 kg over 2-3 years
Height - 11-30 cm
Define the growth spurt boys undergo
gain 7-29.5 kg over 2-3 years
Height - 11-30 cm
When should solid foods/cups be introduced?
6 months
What psychosocial stage are infants in?
trust vs mistrust
What is the psychosocial stage of a 2 year old?
Autonomy v Shame/Doubt; individuation from parents
What growth/development stage exhibits negativism?
Toddlers
When is toilet training generally complete?
3-5 years with myelination of the spinal cord
What psychosocial stage is a preschool child in?
Initiative vs Guilt
What area undergoes the biggest refinement in preschool children?
Fine motor
What area of growth is most rapid in school aged children?
Social and cognitive, as physical slows
What psychosocial stage do school aged children undergo?
Industry vs Inferiority
What psychosocial stage do adolescence undergo?
Identity vs Role Confusion
Define autosomal dominant inheritance
A single copy of the mutated gene from one parent is enough to cause the disorder.
If you have the gene you have the disorder.
What % chance does a child have of receiving of an autosomal dominant condition is a parent is affected?
50%
True or false: Autosomal Dominant Inheritance is gender specific
False
Explain Autosomal Recessive Disorders
Two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease/trait to develop.
If both parents are carriers of a autosomal recessive disorder, what are the chances each child receives it?
Each child has 50% chance of being a carrier and 25% chance of inheriting the disorder
Huntington’s is an example of a: _________ inheritance disorder
Autosomal Dominant
Cystic Fibrosis is an example of a ____________ inheritance disorder
Autosomal Recessive
Why are men more at risk for x-linked recessive disorders?
Males only have one X and a single recessive gene on the X will cause the disease.
Women are protected by second X.
Men WILL receive their X from their mother, so the male child of a female carrier has a 50% chance of inheriting the condition/gene.
What are the 2 types of chromosomal abnormalities?
Numerical and Structural
Define structural chromosomal abnormality
Part of chromosome is added or missing
Define numerical chromosomal abnormality
Entire single chromosome is added or missing
Define trisomy
When each body cell contains an extra copy of one chromosome
Which type of chromosomal abnormality is down syndrome?
Trisomy/numerical
Every cell contains 3 copies of chromosome 21
Define monosomy
Occurs when each cell has a missing chromosome
Define Turner’s Syndrome
The only monosomy condition compatible with life; single X in females
Define Klinefelter Syndrome
Occurs in boys who have an extra
No super obvious red flags (language delay, auditory processing)
What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
An X-Linked Recessive Disorder in boys
What are the symptoms and when do they occur of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
Onset in first 3-4 years
-Pseudohypertrophy of calves
- Loss of endurance/strength in legs and pelvis
What is a sign of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?
Using arm strength to stand as opposed to legs
