Growth and Development Flashcards
process of physical maturation
growth
growth occurs by ____
multiplication of cells and increase in intracellular substance
quantitative changes of the body
growth
most common growth parameters
ht and wt
process of physiological maturation
development
development is the progressive increase in ______ and ______
skills and capacity to function
development is related to ______
maturation and myelination of the nervous system
what does development include? 3
physiological, social, emotional changes
it refers to the qualitative changes
development
assessed using measuring tools like measuring tape etc.
growth
assessed using screening tools/tests like GD Checklist or DDST
development
this principle states that improvement in structure and function come first in the head region, then in the trunk, and last In the leg region
cephalocaudal direction
this principle is focused on the achievement of motor skills
Proximodistal direction
process of changes from the center of the body to the extremities
Proximodistal direction
in proximodistal direction, development proceeds from ______ to ______
near to far
what do children use to reason and solve problems
cognitive and language skills
this principle suggests that children at first are able to hold the big things by using both arms, the next is by one hand until they can pick small objects
general to specific
talks about gross skills
general to specific
what are the genetic factors in G&D
genetics are great factors, sex, race and nationality
prenatal factors:
various conditions affect the fetus in the utero
intrauterine environment
prenatal factors:
Woman’s body generates barriers to protect the baby like amniotic fluid, placental barrier
maternal malnutrition
prenatal factors:
German measles can bring complications on the unborn child (usually during organogenesis - formation of baby’s organs)
maternal infection
prenatal factors:
caffeine, alcohol, smoking
maternal substance abuse
prenatal factors:
Intrauterine growth restriction
maternal substance abuse//maternal malnutrition
prenatal factors: gestational diabetes ( can stop after pregnancy) - can progress after delivery to diabetes type 2
maternal illness
if GDM is not managed after delivery, the baby can suffer from ______ 2
meconium aspiration, or worse, asphyxia
gestational diabetes if not managed can make the baby ____
macro
blood sugar of the baby should be managed after birth to prevent ______
fatal hypoglycemia
prenatal factors:
this includes stress, tiredness, etc.
miscellaneous
prenatal factors:
PCOS
hormones
postnatal factors (12) GNCPPCSCPBIH
- growth potential
- nutrition
- childhood illness
- physical environment
- psychological environment
- cultural influence
- socio-economic status
- climate and season
- play and exercise
- birth order of the child
- intelligence
- hormonal influence
most common method used in the assessment of growth
anthropometry
anthropometry inlcudes
ht, wt, head circum., midarm circum., chest circum.
refers to the total of all organ, tissue and fluids
weight
Birth weight doubles at ______ and triples at ______
6 months; 1 year
For breastfed babies, at least __ decrease in birth weight at 1-2 weeks after birth is normal. Why?
10%
it is because the volume is not quantified compared to those who take formula
another factor is how the mother breastfeed
breastfeeding should be ______and not interval
per demand
an estimate of the brain growth
head circum
how to measure head circumference
wrap measuring tape on the occipital protuberance to the supraorbital ridges on the forehead; by ordinal tap
head circumference is most useful in ____
2 years life
if head circumference increase more than 1 cm in two weeks during the first 3 months, this should be suspected
hydrocephalus
chest circumference is clinically important in the ___ year of life
5th
HC and CC comparison
at birth: HC is greater than CC
after a year: HC=CC
later: CC is greater than HC
how to measure chest circumference
wrap measuring tape around nipples between inspiration and expiration by cross-tape method
head and chest circumference at birth
head is 33-35 cm
chest is 30-33 cm
helps to assess the nutritional status of children
MUAC
average MUAC at birth
11-12 cm
average MUAC at one year
12-16 cm
average MUAC at 1-5 years
16-17 cm
average MUAC at 12 years
17-18 cm
average MUAC at 15 years
20-21 cm
this progress in an orderly sequence to ultimate attainment of locomotion and more complex motor tasks thereafter
gross motor development
promotes adaptive actives with fine sensorimotor adjustments and include eye coordination, hand-eye coordination, hand to mouth coordination, hand skills as finger thumb apposition, grasping, dressing
fine motor skill development
includes personal reaction to his own social and cultural situations with neuromotor maturity and environment stimulation
personal and social development
related to interpersonal and social skills such as social smile, recognition of mother, use of toys
personal and social development
refers to a stimulated smile
social smile
who developed the Denver Development Screening Test
Franken-Burg and Dodds (1967)
what is DDST
economic simple test; screens for developmental delay during infancy and preschool period
Checks milestones achievement of child in all domains, but does not assess IQ
DDST
age division in DDST
monthly unit 2 years of age, and half yearly from 2-6 years old
