growth adaptations

Question 1

when is an organ places in homeostasis?

Answer 1

when physiologic stress is placed on it

Question 2

what can occur with an increase, decrease, or change in stress on an organ?

Answer 2

growth adaptation

Question 3

An increase in the size of an organ

Answer 3

hypertrophy

Question 4

an increase in the number of cells

Answer 4

hyperplasia

Question 5

Gene activation, proteins synthesis, and production of organelles is involved in:

Answer 5

hypertrophy

Question 6

production of new cells from stem cells is involved in:

Answer 6

hyperplasia

Question 7

true or false: hyperplasia and hypertrophy generally occur together

Answer 7

true

Question 8

examples of permanent tissue:

Answer 8

cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and nerve

Question 9

does permanent tissue undergo hyperplasia?

Answer 9

No. Permanent tissue undergoes hypertrophy only, because it doesn’t have stem cells.

Question 10

does BPH increase the risk for prostate cancer?

Answer 10

no, this is an exception.

Question 11

Atrophy

Answer 11

a decrease in stress leads to decreased organ size

Question 12

a decrease in cell number occurs via which mechanism?

Answer 12

apoptosis

Question 13

a decrease in cell size occurs via what mechanism?

Answer 13

ubiquitin-proteosome degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components

Question 14

what is the mechanism of ubiquitin proteosome degradation?

Answer 14

intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton are tagged with ubiquitin and destroyed by proteosomes

Question 15

what is the mechanism of autophagy?

Answer 15

involves generation of autophagic vacuoles

these vacuoles fuse with lysosomes with hydrolytic enzymes breakdown cellular components

Question 16

what is it called when you have a change in cell type?

Answer 16

metaplasia

most commonly involves change of one type of surface epithelium (squamous, columnar, urothelial) to another

Question 17

what is an example of metaplasia?

Answer 17

Barret Esophagus

Question 18

What lines the esophagus?

Answer 18

lined by nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium

Question 19

if you have acid reflux from the stomach, it will cause metaplasia to:

Answer 19

nonciliated, mucin producing columnar cells

Question 20

What is the mechanism of metaplasia?

Answer 20

reprogramming of stem cells

Question 21

is metaplasia reversible?

Answer 21

YES.

Question 22

true or false: apocrine metaplasia of breast carried no increased risk for cancer

Answer 22

true

Question 23

which vitamin is necessary for differentiation of specialized epithelial surfaces, such as the conjunctiva covering the eye?

Answer 23

vitamin A

Question 24

the change of thin squamous lining of the conjunctiva undergoes metaplasia into stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium in vita A deficiency is called:

Answer 24

keratomalacia

Question 25

Mesenchymal (connective) tissue can also undergo metaplasia. An example is:

Answer 25

Myositis ossificans

this is when connective tissue within muscle changes to bone during healing after trauma

Question 26

what is dysplasia?

Answer 26

disordered cellular growth

Question 27

what happens in dysplasia?

Answer 27

proliferation of precancerous cells

Question 28

what is an example of dysplasia?

Answer 28

CIN (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia)– precursor to cervical cancer

Question 29

is dysplasia reversible?

Answer 29

yes. but if you dont remove the stressor then it can progress to carcinoma which is irreversible

Question 30

what is aplasia?

Answer 30

failure of cell production during embryogenesis

Question 31

what is hypoplasia?

Answer 31

decrease in cell production during embryogenesis, resulting in a small organ