Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BDS1 BAMS: Endocrine System > Growth > Flashcards

Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Increase in cell numbers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

Increase in cell size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name factors that affect growth

A

Genes, heredity

Environment: nutrition, disease, growth factors, hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which hormones influence growth?

A

Thyroid hormones, growth hormones, sex hormones

Others: cortisol, insulin, vitamin D, parathyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do thyroid hormones do?

A
  • Essential for normal growth and development
  • Essential for protein synthesis in brain of foetus and infant
  • Required for normal development of neurons
  • Necessary for childhood growth
  • Indirect effects on growth
  • Facilitates actions of GH and sympathetic NS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Condition where the thyroid gland is unable to produce sufficient thyroid hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the effects of foetal/neonate hypothyroidism

A
  • Sparse hair
  • Large tongue
  • Permanent mental impairments
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the effects of childhood hypothyroidism

A
  • Impedes both brain development and skeletal growth
  • Delayed tooth eruption
  • Growth defects can be rectified by thyroxine supplements
  • Some improvements in mental functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does growth hormone (GH) do?

A
  • GH has metabolic and growth-promoting actions
  • Main growth-promoting effects in postnatal period, infancy and adolescence
  • Metabolic effects include: increase blood glucose levels, decreased glucose uptake by cells, increased lipolysis, facilitates uptake of amino acids for protein synthesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why is growth hormone described as ‘anti-insulin’?

A

GH increases blood glucose levels and decreases glucose uptake by cells (opposite effect of insulin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the growth promoting effects of growth hormone (GH)

A
  • Growth-promoting effects are mainly indirect
  • Some effects are exerted by IGF-1 produced in the liver
  • Cartilage, bone, soft tissues, viscera
  • IGF-1 -> cartilage proliferation in long bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the ‘growth centres’ of long bones called?

A

Epiphyses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two types of dwarfism?

A
  • Hypothyroid: thyroid hormones deficiency

- Hypopituitary: growth hormone deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is growth hormone produced?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Testosterone and oestrogen are examples of what?

A

Sex hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are testosterone and oestrogen responsible for?

A
  • Pubertal growth spurt
  • Stimulate bone growth but accelerate closure of epiphyseal growth plates
  • Testosterone has anabolic effects on protein synthesis, increasing muscle bulk
  • Effects of oestrogen and testosterone mediated by GH and IGF-1
17
Q

Which sex hormone is described as ‘the anabolic steroid’?

A

Testosterone

18
Q

How does insulin influence growth?

A
  • Has no direct growth promoting actions
  • Contributes to growth by: promoting foetal growth, stimulating secretion of IGF-1 (promotes post-natal growth), facilitates protein synthesis (by making glucose available for energy production)
19
Q

What effect does cortisol have on growth?

A
  • In high levels, cortisol inhibits growth
  • Stimulates protein catabolism
  • Suppresses bone growth and promotes bone resorption (-> osteoporosis)
  • Raised levels of cortisol in stress account for growth-retarding effects of childhood illness
20
Q

What effects do vitamin D and parathyroid hormone have on growth?

A
  • Contribute to growth by ensuring adequate amounts of calcium and phosphate are available for bone formation
  • Vitamin D is responsible for Ca2+ absorption from the gut
  • PTH raises plasma Ca2+ levels
21
Q

What effect does excess growth hormone have in childhood?

A

Accelerates normal growth -> gigantism

22
Q

What effect does excess growth hormone have in adulthood?

A
  • Longitudinal growth is not possible, and so appositional growth occurs in extremities
  • Hands, feet and jaw increase in bulk -> acromegaly
23
Q

Describe ‘acromegaly’

A
  • Visual field changes
  • Enlargement of hands
  • Prognathism (mandible protruding)
  • Greater spacing between teeth in mandible
24
Q

What are acromegaly and gigantism usually associated with?

A

Increased levels of growth hormone

25
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A
  • Defective cartilage growth

- Affects long bones and cartilage growth centres e.g. spheno-occipital synchondrosis in cranial base

26
Q

Describe ‘ageing’ and changes on population ageing

A
  • Involves the gradual deterioration of all parts of the body
  • Complicated by disease; many ‘age changes’ are really disease changes
  • The population average age has increased
  • More patients will be ‘senior citizens’
27
Q

What does an individual’s life-span depend on?

A
  • Genetics

- Environment (good nutrition, lifestyle, absence of disease)

28
Q

Describe the biology of ageing

A
  • Decline in the ability of cells to divide over time
  • As cells divide, there is an accumulation of damage: errors in DNA sequence, abnormal proteins, damage to organelles (e.g. mitochondria)
  • Free radicals: shortening of telomeres
29
Q

What is apoptosis and when might it occur?

A
  • Programmed cell death
  • Cells programmed to ‘self-destruct’
  • Apoptosis occurs in: development (e.g. tooth germ, nervous system), to replace ‘worn out’ cells, to destroy tumour cells

BDS1 BAMS: Endocrine System (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions