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BDS1 BAMS: Endocrine System > Glands and Hormones > Flashcards

Glands and Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?

A 
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) 
Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
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2
Q

What are the roles of the hypothalamus?

A 
Thermoregulation 
Hormone secretion 
Circadian rhythms 
Motivation 
Emotions
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3
Q

What happens to the body when it is cold?

A

Cold temperature -> drop in body temperature
Sends signals to thermoreceptors in the hypothalamus
Compares with ‘set point’
Effectors generate an effect: increase heat production and decrease heat loss - shivering, vasoconstriction

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4
Q

When is body temperature at its lowest?

A

When you sleep

Body temperature is controlled by the circadian rhythm

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5
Q

Set body temperature is not constant. What happens to set body temperature after eating a meal?

A

Set body temperature increases

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6
Q

The hypothalamus produces releasing hormones. What do these hormones act on?

A

The anterior pituitary
Pass to the AP via blood vessels - hypothalamic-pituitary portal vessels
They trigger secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary

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7
Q

How do hormones travel from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary?

A

Along nerve axons

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8
Q

Give some examples of hypothalamic hormones

A 
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) 
Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GRH)
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
Somatostatin (SS)
Prolactin releasing hormone (PLRH)
Dopamine (DA)
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9
Q

Give some examples of anterior pituitary hormones

A 
Adrenocoritoctropic hormone (ACTH) 
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinising hormone (LH)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Prolactin (PL)
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10
Q

Which nuclei of the hypothalamus send their axons down to the posterior pituitary?

A

Supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus

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11
Q

Describe the HPA axis

A

Stressor detected by the hypothalamus, releases CRH
CRH acts on anterior pituitary, releases ACTH
ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex, releases cortisol
Cortisol has negative feedback action on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary (suppresses its own release)

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12
Q

Describe the chain of events that lead to the production of FSH and LH

A

Stimulus on hypothalamus, releases gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)
GRH acts on anterior pituitary, which releases follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH)
Females: FSH causes ovum maturation and progesterone production. LH causes ovulation and production of oestrogen and progesterone
Males: FSH causes sperm production, LH causes testosterone production

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13
Q

Which hormones are produced by neurons in the hypothalamus and pass to the posterior part of the pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

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14
Q

Which target organ does ADH act on?

A

The kidney: results in water reabsorption in the collecting ducts

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15
Q

Describe the role of oxytocin in parturition

A

Stretch of uterus -> hypothalamus detects this stretch and responds by releasing oxytocin via axons
Oxytocin passes to posterior pituitary and is released into plasma
Results in contraction of the uterus

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16
Q

Describe the role of oxytocin in milk ejection

A

Infant suckling stimulates the hypothalamus
Oxytocin is transmitted to the posterior pituitary gland via axons
Oxytocin is released into plasma and cause milk ejection

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17
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

In the neck, anterior to the trachea

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18
Q

Which hormones are produced by the thyroid gland?

A

tri-iodo-thyronine (T3), tetra-iodo-thyronine (T4/thyroxine) - produced by cells around the follicles
Calcitonin - produced by parafollicular C cells

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19
Q

What is the precursor for the thyroid hormone T3?

A

T4

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20
Q

What are the actions of T3 and T4 hormones? (thyroid hormones)

A

Increase metabolic rate of cells
Determines basal metabolic rate
Essential for normal foetal and childhood growth
Permissive effect on action of adrenaline by up-regulating adrenoreceptors

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21
Q

What are some of the disorders of thyroid hormones?

A

Undersecretion: Hypothyroidism, Cretinism, myxoedema

Oversecretion: Hyperthyroidism, Grave’s disease

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22
Q

How can hypothyroidism in adults be treated?

A

With thyroxine (T4) hormones

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23
Q

What is goitre?

A

Thyroid swelling associated with iodine deficiency

Low levels of thyroxine result in increased secretion of TSH

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24
Q

What is exopthalmos and what can it be caused by?

A

Bulging of the eyes anteriorly out of the socket

Can be associated with over secretion of thyroid hormones

25
Q

How many parathyroid glands are in the human body and where are they located?

A

4-5 pea sized parathyroid glands lie on the deep surface of the thyroid gland

26
Q

What do parathyroid glands produce?

A

Parathyroid hormones - involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels

27
Q

What percentage of the pancreas accounts the endocrine portion?

A 
1-2% = endocrine 
~99% = exocrine
28
Q

Which hormones are produced by Islet of Langerhans cells?

A

Insulin (beta cells)
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Somatostatin (delta cells)

29
Q

What does the exocrine portion of the pancreas produce?

A

Enzymes

30
Q

When is insulin released?

A

In response to: high blood glucose levels, raised amino acid levels, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, vagus nerve

31
Q

What is insulin secretion inhibited by?

A

Adrenaline
Sympathetic nerves
Somatostatin

32
Q

What are the effects of insulin on the body?

A

Acts to lower blood glucose
Facilitates glucose entry into muscle cells, adipocytes
Promotes formation of glycogen and triglycerides and facilitate protein synthesis

33
Q

When is glucagon released?

A

In response to low blood glucose concentration

34
Q

What does glucagon do?

A 
Acts to raise blood glucose concentration
Actions include:
Glycogenolysis in liver
Gluconeogenesis in liver 
Lipolysis and ketone synthesis
35
Q

What promotes the secretion of glucagon?

A

Decreased blood glucose
Increased blood amino acids
Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Autonomic nerve activity

36
Q

What inhibits the secretion of glucagon?

A

Insulin

Somatostatin

37
Q

Describe diabetes mellitus

A

Diabetes means “increase in urine”
Elevated blood glucose concentration
Decreased glucose uptake by cells
Metabolic changes: gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

38
Q

What are the clinical features of diabetes mellitus?

A 
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Glucosuria
Diabetic neuropathy
Skin and oral diseases incl. xerostomia and periodontitis
39
Q

What is the different between Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Type 1 = insulin dependent. Accounts for 10% of cases. Decreased insulin secretion. Destruction of beta cells. Early onset. Treatment = insulin injections and diet

Type 2 = insulin independent. Insulin levels are “normal”. Target cells not responding to insulin. Related to being overweight/obesity. “Late” onset.
Treatment = diet, oral hypoglycaemia agents.

40
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On top of the kidneys

41
Q

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

A

Cortisol, aldosterone and androgens (corticosteroids)

42
Q

Which hormones are produced by the adrenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

43
Q

What are the 3 parts of the adrenal cortex and which hormones does each part produce?

A

Zona glomerulosa: aldosterone
Zona fasciculata: cortisol and androgens
Zone reticularis: androgens

44
Q

What type of hormone is cortisol?

A

A glucocorticoid

45
Q

Where is cortisol produced?

A

The zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex

46
Q

What are the effects of cortisol?

A

Metabolic effects
Permissive effects
Anti-inflammatory
Immunosuppressant

47
Q

What type of hormone is aldosterone?

A

A mineralocorticoid

48
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

The zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex

49
Q

What is the release of aldosterone controlled by?

A

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

50
Q

What are the actions of aldosterone?

A

Promotes reabsorption of sodium and water in kidneys (DCT)

Increases secretion of H+ and K+

51
Q

Describe the RAAS system

A

Angiotensinogen is converted to angiotensin I by renin
Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
Angiotensin II acts on adrenal cortex
Aldolsterone is released

52
Q

What type of hormone are androgens?

A

Gonadocorticoids

53
Q

Where are androgens produced

A

Zona fasciculata and zone reticularis of the adrenal cortex

54
Q

What do androgens do in the human body?

A

Contribute to growth and secondary sexual characteristics

Pubertal growth spurt

55
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A

A disorder caused by excess glucocorticoids

Features include: moon face, fat pads, thin skin, poor muscle development, poor wound healing, pendulous abdomen

56
Q

What is Adreno-genital syndrome?

A

A disorder caused by excess androgens

Features include: hirsutism, baldness, brest development, heavy arms and legs

57
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

A modified sympathetic ganglion controlled by pre-ganglionic sympathetic nerves
The cells mostly produce adrenaline
Adrenaline release augments the action of the sympathetic nervous system

58
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

A disease caused by adrenal insufficiency
Decreased adrenal function and reduced levels of adrenal hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids)
Very serious condition

BDS1 BAMS: Endocrine System (6 decks)

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