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chemistry > groups, rate and reactions > Flashcards

groups, rate and reactions Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the group one metals know as

A

alkali metals

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2
Q

what are the group one metals

A

lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, casesium, francium

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3
Q

what do all alkali metals have

A

one outer electron, so they have similar chemical properties

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4
Q

what are group ones physical properties

A

low melting and boiling points
very soft - can be cut with a knife

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5
Q

what do all alkali metals form

A

ionic compounds

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6
Q

are group one metals reactive and why

A

very as they really loose the single outer electron, so its easier to loose as it’s only weakly attached to the nucleus so needs less energy to remove it

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7
Q

what do reactions with cold water produce

A

a hydroxide and hydrogen gas

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8
Q

what happens when you put alkali metals in water

A

they react vigorously

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9
Q

what happens to the reactivity as you move down the group and why

A

it increases as the out electron is lost more easily in the reaction, reaction becomes more violent

e.g. lithium will move around the surface vigorously
sodium and potassium do the same however they also melt in the heat

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10
Q

what are group 7 elements know as

A

halogens

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11
Q

examples of group 7 elements

A

fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine

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12
Q

chemical properties of group 7

A

7 electrons in their outer shells, similar chemical properties

exist as diatomic molecules, sharing one pair of electrons in a covalent bond

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13
Q

physical properties of group 7

A

as you go down group 7 the melting and boiling points increase

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14
Q

what is chlorine at room temp

A

fairly reactive, poisonous, green gas

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15
Q

what is bromine at room temp

A

poisonous red / brown liquid which gives off orange vapour

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16
Q

what is iodine at room temp

A

dark grey crystalline solid which gives off purple vapour

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17
Q

what is the test for chlorine

A

using damp blue litmus paper, if chlorine is present, it will bleach the paper and turn white

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18
Q

how does reactively change as you go down group 7 and why

A

decreases as it gets harder to attract the extra electron to fill the outer shell when it’s further away from the nucleus

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19
Q

what can halogens react with

A

metals and hydrogen

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20
Q

how do halogens mix with metals and what do they form

A

vigorously and form salts called metal halides

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21
Q

what happens during a halogen displacement reaction

A

a more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive one

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22
Q

what is a displacement reaction

A

where a more reactive element pushes out a less reactive element from a compound

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23
Q

what is a halogen reaction

A

a redox reaction

24
Q

what is a redox reaction

A

where a halogen gains electrons (reduction) and halide ions lose electrons (oxidation)

25
Q

what do displacement reactions shown

A

reactivity trends

26
Q

how can you test if displacement reactions show reactivity trends

A

1) Start by measuring out a small amount of a halide salt solution in a test tube.

2) Add a few drops of a halogen solution to it and shake the tube gently.

3) If you see a colour change, then a reaction has happened - the halogen has displaced the halide ions from the salt.
If no reaction happens, there won’t be a colour change - the halogen is less reactive than the halide and so can’t displace it.

4) Repeat the process using different combinations of halide salt and halogen.

27
Q

what are group 0 gases

A

inert, colourless gases / noble gases

28
Q

facts about group 0 noble gases

A
  1. colourless gas at room temp
  2. all monatomic, gases of a single atom not molecule
  3. less inert - don’t react much at all
  4. non flammable
  5. hard to observe , long time before dicovered
29
Q

what is argon used for

A
  1. filament lamp / light bulb - non flammable as it stops the very hot filament from burning away
  2. flash photography
  3. protect metals
30
Q

what is helium used for

A

airships and balloons as they have lower density than air and balloons float, non flammable

31
Q

what are the properties of noble gases

A

boiling, melting and density all increase as you go down group 0

all react the same way due to the same about of electrons in the outer shells

32
Q

rate of reaction equ

A

amount of reactant used up or amount of produced formed / time

33
Q

how to experiment ways rate of reaction can be measured - precipitation

A

1) mixing two see-through solutions produces a precipitate, which clouds the solution.

2) You mix the two reactant solutions and put the flask on a piece of paper that has a mark on it.

3) Observe the mark through the mixture and measure how long it takes for the mark to be obscured. The faster it disappears, the faster the reaction.

4) The result is subjective different people might not agree on exactly when the mark ‘disappears’.

34
Q

how to experiment ways rate of reaction can be measured - change in mass

A

1) As the gas is released, the lost mass is easily measured on the balance. The quicker the reading on the balance drops, the faster the reaction.

2) You know the reaction has finished when the reading on the balance stops changing,

3) You can use your results to plot a graph of change in mass against time.

4) This method does release the gas produced straight into the room - so if the gas is harmful, you must take safety precautions, The cotton wool lets gases through but stops any solid, liquid or aqueous
e.g. do the experiment in a fume cupboard.

35
Q

how to experiment ways rate of reaction can be measured - change in volume

A

1) This involves the use of a gas suringe to measure the volume of gas given off.

2) The more gas given off during a set time interval, the faster the reaction.

3) You can tell the reaction has finished when no more gas is produced.

4) You can use your results to plot a graph of gas volume against time elapsed.

5) You need to be careful that you’re using the right size gas syringe for your experiment though - if the reaction is too vigorous, you can blow the plunger out of the end of the syringe.

36
Q

how do you measure how surface area effects rate

A

1) Set the apparatus up as shown in the diagram on the right.

2) Measure the volume of gas produced using a gas surinée. Take readings at regular time intervals and record the results in a table.

3) You can plot a graph of your results time goes on the x-axis and volume goes on the y-axis.

4) Repeat the experiment with exactly the same volume and concentration of acid, and exactly the same mass of marble chips, but with the marble more crunched up.

5) Then repeat with the same mass of powdered chalk.

37
Q

what do finer particles mean when measuring surface are

A

higher rate

38
Q

what does changing the concentration of the acid in measuring surface area mean

A

affects the rate, more concentration means higher rate

39
Q

how is rate of reaction affected by temperature

A

higher temp = higher rate

40
Q

what does a steeper graph gradient show

A

faster rate of reaction

41
Q

gradient equ

A

change in y / change in x

42
Q

what needs to happen in order to react (collision theory)

A

particles must collide with enough energy

43
Q

what does the rate of a chemical reaction depend on

A
  1. collision theory of reacting particles (how often they collide)
    the more often the collisions, faster the reaction
  2. energy transferred during collision, particles need to collide with at least activation energy to be successful
44
Q

what is a catalyst

A

a substance which increases the rate of reaction however it isn’t used up in the reaction, doesn’t change the products of the reaction

45
Q

what are biological catalysts

A

enzymes, they speed to chemical reactions in living cells

46
Q

examples of reactions where biological catalysts are used

A

respiration
photosynthesis
protein synthesis

47
Q

what is an exothermic reaction

A

one which gives out energy to the surroundings, usually in the form of heat and usually shown by a rise in temp of the surroundings

48
Q

what is an endothermic reaction

A

one which takes energy from the surroundings, usually in the form of heat and usually shown by a fall in temperature of the surroundings

49
Q

what do reaction profiles show

A

if a reaction is exothermic or endothermic, shows energy levels of the reactants and products in a reaction

50
Q

what is activation energy

A

minimum about of energy needed for bonds to break to start a reaction

51
Q

overall energy change equ

A

energy required to break bonds - energy released by forming bonds

52
Q

is a neutralisation reaction endo or exo thermic

A

exothermic

53
Q

is a displacement reaction endo or exo thermic

A

exothermic

54
Q

is a precipitation reaction endo or exo thermic

A

exothermic

55
Q

is a dissolving salts in water reaction endo or exo thermic

A

depends

some reduce temp - endo
some increase temp - exo

chemistry (7 decks)

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