Groups in Context

Question 1

People with Disabilities

Definition

Answer 1

Those with long-term physical, mental or sensory impairments which may hinder full participation in society”- UNITED NATIONS ON RIGHTS OF PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES

P Physical: E.g. Paralysis, cerebral palsy
I Intellectual: E.g. Down Syndrome
P Psychological: E.g. Depression, bipolar
S Sensory: E.g. Hearing or vision impairment

Question 2

Homeless People

Definition

Answer 2

“A person is homeless if he/she has inadequate access to safe and secure housing.”SUPPORTED ACCOMMODATION ASSISTANCE ACT (1994)

Question 3

GLBTI

Definition

Answer 3

Gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and intersex communities. GLBTI emphasises diversity

Question 4

Youth

Definition

Answer 4

Encompassess the years of adolescent growth, is a time when many young people are studying, training or planning for the future. (AMA- 10-24)

Question 5

Prevalence of each group in the community

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 5

ABS 2009; 4 million people in Australia had a disability

6.6% of 15-24 year olds have a disability

40% of 65-69 year olds have a disability (Increases with age)

Due to ageing population, disabilities increase with age

Question 6

Prevalence of each group in the community

HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 6

1 in 200 people in Australia are homeless

60%-70% had been homeless for more than 6 months

More than half of those seeking assistance from
services are turned away

Females; reported higher incidence of domestic or family violence

Difficult to estimate number; due to transient (constantly changing) nature of

Could be due to family breakdowns, domestic violence, financial problems, drug/alcohol problems, lack of emergency accommodation

Females and children generally given preference over males in accommodation

Question 7

Prevalence of each group in the community

GLBTI

Answer 7

2011; 0.7% of couples were same sex

2006; 0.6%, and 1996; only 0.3%

More male same sex couples than females

May be higher numbers; but lack of national information

People are afraid to select in census (don’t want to be discriminated against)

Question 8

Prevalence of each group in the community

YOUTH

Answer 8

20% of Australia’s population is made of youth (4.2 million)

51% are males, 49% are females

Estimated will account for less than 18% in 2020, due to fertility trends, lowered birth rate

Ageing population, low birth rate, parents waiting to have children, instead focus on careers

Question 9

Individual Diversity Within Each Group

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 9

May have been born with or acquired a disability

May require a wheelchair, may require a carer

Come from any age group, gender, culture, socioeconomic status etc

E.g. Wheelchair user different to depression

Question 10

Individual Diversity Within Each Group

HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 10

All have inadequate access to safe housing, not meeting safety/security needs

Different causes of homelessness; e.g. family breakdowns, financial problems etc

Diverse from society; High amount of drug/alcohol problems, generally lower education rate, lower health

Different types of homelessness; E.g. may live in improvised dwellings; tents, sleeping bags etc, may live in shared accommodation, emergency shelter, sleeping on a friends couch

Temporary or permanent homelessness
Only thing in common is vulnerability

Question 11

Individual Diversity Within Each Group

GLBTI

Answer 11

Diverse group; made up of people who identify as a different or no gender, or different sexualities or sexual orientations

Terms GLBTI exists to collectively describe different sexualities/genders, (Part of community);

Individuals vary→ as group comprises of different types of people, not everyone identifies as all the different sexualities etc
E.g. Gay man belongs and so does female transitioning,but different

Question 12

Individual Diversity Within Each Group

YOUTH

Answer 12

(10-24) AMA
Encompasses period of adolescence

Different age categories→ may be older youth who have finished high school, or younger who are still in primary school

May be working full time/have part time job

All nationalities, socioeconomic backgrounds, genders etc

Youth may belong to other groups in community; E.g. GLBTI, homeless, disability
E.g. May be an 19 year old female with her own child, but is different to a 13 year old boy starting high school.

Question 13

Terminology used by the community to describe the group

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 13

Using words like ‘brave’ are patronising

Saying those without disability are ‘normal’ is offensiv

Using terms such as person with a disability→ reflects understanding of person first, disability second

Positive terminology: Cognitive impairment, mental illness, uses a wheelchair

Negative terminology: Crazy, mentally retarded, crippled, wheelchair bound

Question 14

Terminology used by the community to describe the group

HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 14

Most have stereotypical view. E.g. single man, sleeps on street, dependent on drugs and unwashed

Society tends to generally not identify homeless women, children, families

Society view: Homelessness caused from bushfires (unfortunate), evicted from flat and are relying on centrelink (burden on society)

Positive terminology: Victim, displaced persons, the less fortunate

Negative terminology: Hobo, dirty, drug addict, ‘own fault’

Question 15

Terminology used by the community to describe the group

GLBTI

Answer 15

Historically society is less tolerant of difference→ so terminology has connection of oppression linked to it

Attitudes have changed for the better→ greater understanding, acceptance

Term: Gay pride→ Encourages positivity, used to express community identity and strength

Positive terminology: Homeosexual, gender diverse, lesbian, gay etc

Negative terminology: Dyke/Lesbo, confused (some people refuse to accept gender diversity), gay if used in a derogatory way indicating ‘gay’ is associated with bad things

Question 16

Terminology used by the community to describe the group

YOUTH

Answer 16

Adolescent is most common term used to describe the group

Youth use extensive vocab to define other youth; e.g. emo, geeks etc

Positive terminology: Teenager, adolescent, young person

Negative: Twelvies, spoilt, reckless, geeks, emos

Question 17

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

SAFETY AND SECURITY- PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 17

May be more vulnerable or abused by other members of community

May be exploited financially/harmed physically by relatives, nursing home staff

Question 18

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

SAFETY AND SECURITY- HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 18

Vulnerable group→ physical security limited (limited protection from others and environment)

Isolated from family support structure (may be fleeing from families→ escaping violence)

Usually no place to store valuables/personal items→ environment can make them ill, targets of crime or abuse

Question 19

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

SAFETY AND SECURITY- GLBTI

Answer 19

Value safe and secure environment, free of discrimination, harassment, violence

Members of community; more likely to experience physical violence, discrimination, bullying etc

Victims of hate crimes, emotional violence (verbal abuse, hate mail etc)

Question 20

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

SAFETY AND SECURITY- YOUTH

Answer 20

Young who attend parties where drugs/alcohol are→ likely to experience violence, be attacked

Unrealistic media models→ can leave people disappointed if reality doesn’t match what is portrayed

Financial security: high youth unemployment rates, jobs often part time or casual

Question 21

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

HEALTH- PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 21

Varying levels of health problems→ some experience further deterioration with age

Wheelchairs; may get pressure sores, weight gain, cardiac problems (due to limited activity)

Health care needs to be affordable and accessible

If can’t communicate→ problems can arise

If health needs aren’t met→ quality of life/life span affected

Question 22

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

HEALTH- HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 22

Health issues generally more severe than others→
Infections/mental illnesses→ common

Health issues may cause homelessness→ worsen if left untreated

May have trouble accessing health services→ financial hardship, may not have medicare etc

Question 23

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

HEALTH- GLBTI

Answer 23

Lack of GLBTI- sensitive medical care (individuals aren’t accessing appropriate services)

Individuals aren’t always comfortable discussing sexual and health issues in support groups

Cancer: Higher risk of cancers linked to alcohol and smoking, higher rates of anal cancer (gay)

Sexual health: Increased risk taking behaviours; STDs, viruses or HIV/AIDS

Obesity: Higher in lesbians than national average, higher cardiovascular and respiratory disease

Suicide prevention: Individuals have highest rates (14x higher in homosexuals)

Mental health: Higher rates of depression, marginalisation, discrimination

Question 24

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

HEALTH- YOUTH

Answer 24

Generally good health vs the aged→ but failure to address aspects of health→ impacts wellbeing

Risk takers→ injured in car accidents, risk health in unsafe sex practices, drug use

Travel overseas; require immunisation and advice on hazards (how to recognise unsafe water)

Question 25

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

EDUCATION- PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 25

Early intervention; (strategy to optimise development) → many need it to enhance physical, intellectual, living skills

Education about nature of disability, for person & carers (carers need to be aware of strategies to help them be as independent as possible

Schools; some offer life skills courses, transition to work

Question 26

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

EDUCATION- HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 26

Stereotypically link homeless with lack of education (not always true) but hard to move beyond poverty without it

Many don’t have money for educational services

To succeed in independent living→ taught basic living skills (hygiene, looking after environment)

May need assistance for strategies to deal with drug/alcohol abuse

Volunteer services; provide opportunities to acquire skills to gain education (improves self esteem)

Question 27

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

EDUCATION- GLBTI

Answer 27

Schools implement diversity, anti discrimination and bullying policies→ intended to support/accept all (but young GLBTI may experience some difficulties)

Negative experiences; impact on ability to learn (don’t perceive school as safe environment) → increased dropouts, lowered grades

Educate public; issues of homophobia, gender/sexuality diversity → decrease fear and ignorance

Question 28

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

EDUCATION- YOUTH

Answer 28

Usually in school, TAFE, university (those who leave to seek employment→ may have on the job training, learning skills etc)

Education preparing for employment

Positive experiences; contribute to self esteem, sense of identity.

Negative experiences; Develop negative view of abilities (emotional illbeing)

VET education→ enhances employment prospects, decreases time needed for post school studies

Question 29

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

SENSE OF IDENTITY- PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 29

Becoming disabled as adult; may experience more difficulties establishing renewed sense of identity

Community involvement improves sense of identity

Question 30

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

SENSE OF IDENTITY- HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 30

Difficult to meet need→ (generally comes from involvement in work,family life, social activities)

Negative community interactions→ reinforce low self esteem/worth

Some community groups help achieve sense of identity→ E.g.Choir of hard knocks

Question 31

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

SENSE OF IDENTITY- GLBTI

Answer 31

Individuals may need time to come to terms with identity→ important they aren’t pressured into revealing gender identity or sexual orientation

Individuals who suppress gender identity and lose sight of sense of identity→ may experience depression,anxiety or feelings of sadness

If family/friends/religious groups aren’t supportive of diversity→ may feel socially isolated

GLBTI community: response to challenges faced by members(provides safety, belonging) → can protect mental health, help feel pride in own identity

Question 32

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

SENSE OF IDENTITY- YOUTH

Answer 32

Factors affecting; involvement in school, sport and academic activities, whether they have a job

Formation of relationship with other individual; can change sense of identity

Those with expertise (e.g. in dance, art) find it easier to develop positive sense of identity

Supportive family helps meet need

Leave school, may need to reshape identity→ structures previously restricted to them are no longer

Question 33

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

EMPLOYMENT- PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 33

Many find it hard to secure permanent work (nature of disability, education, employers attitudes)

Jobs available in various areas (e.g. hospitality, administration etc) ongoing support may be needed

Some work for organisations supporting disabilities. E.g. Hearing impaired teachers working with hearing impaired children.

Question 34

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

EMPLOYMENT- HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 34

Most are unemployed

No employment; no income (hard to access basic necessities of life)

Negative factors affect change of gaining/maintaining employment→ low self esteem, lack of social skills, not presented appropriately, lack of basic work skills/education

May face discrimination in workplace→ unkempt appearance, hygiene

Sell Big Issue mag→ social interaction, employment, paid in cash, work own hours

Question 35

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

EMPLOYMENT- GLBTI

Answer 35

Diversity doesn’t affect work performance (important they aren’t treated differently)

Anti discrimination laws; prevent discrimination on basis of sexual/gender identity etc

Individuals may still experience harassment/ discrimination in workplace

Question 36

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

EMPLOYMENT- YOUTH

Answer 36

Most aren’t working (still in school)
Those who leave before HSC→ difficult to obtain well paid full time work (involved mostly in entry-level jobs in retail, hospitality)

Some youth involved in volunteer work (fundraising, coaching) helps prepare or employment

Question 37

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING- PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 37

Socioeconomic status affected (lowered workforce participation); may affect food choices

Clothing may need to be modified for independence; zips/buttons replaced by velcro, magnets

May live with family or independently→ housing needs to be near services.affordable

Some modifications to houses; E.g. Installing ramps, handrails in bathroom

Some types affect food choices/preparation. E.g. require specially processed if can’t swallow safely

Question 38

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING- HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 38

Many isolate themselves→ not aware of services to assist them

Require access to services for accommodation and social support, services to address cause of homelessness. E.g. drug rehabilitation

Great demand on emergency housing→ reduces availability for those who need it most

Some forage for food in bins and rely on handouts→ not sustaining diet, leads to health problems

Important for clean clothing in good condition→ allows socialising, torn clothes; indicator of homelessness

Salvation army→ provides emergency accommodation,some organisations, serve food from vans

Women with kids→ often neglect own physiological needs so children are primarily met

Question 39

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING- GLBTI

Answer 39

Media; represents individuals as easily able to meet basic needs of food,clothing, shelter

More accurate picture; reveals diversity (members of community more likely to experience discrimination in employment→ narrow opportunities and lower wages

Young GLBTI→ could experience homelessness (if rejected by family) more likely to engage in drug/alcohol activity, risky behaviours etc

Family home important; offers safe environment where they can openly express who they are without fear of harassment or prejudice

Question 40

Issues of concern for the four specific groups in the community
Satisfaction of needs
Specific needs of each group

ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING- YOUTH

Answer 40

Require nutritious foods (they are active).Often will make poor food choices out of convenience
Some develop eating disorders

Clothing choice→ affected by need to fit in with age group wearing certain styles and labels

Most live with parents, some live in boarding schools, homeless number increasing

As they get older; usually leave home and begin to meet own housing needs (may find it difficult to enter rental market due to negative attitudes of landlords to age group)

Increasing amount living in family home even when financially independent

Question 41

Justify the TWO most significant needs for each group and discuss the implications if these are not met

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 41

HEALTH
Ill health→ impacts on sense of self, motivation levels, ability to complete activities
Long term health absence→ limits employment chances, impacts economic wellbeing
Social and intimate relationships impacted
Important; regular GP, dental check ups & disability is cared for appropriately
Health care needs to be easily accessible and affordable
Or quality of life/life span affected

EDUCATION
Less opportunities to gain knowledge→ restricts people seeking support agencies to enhance or advocate for their needs
Low education level (+ disability) reduces employment opportunities
Education about how to care for disability is important for carers(improves wellbeing)
Without education→ social, emotional, economic (if no job) wellbeing affected

Question 42

Justify the TWO most significant needs for each group and discuss the implications if these are not met

HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 42

HEALTH
Maslow→ health is primary need
Physical wellbeing→ well nourished, sleep well, health issues addressed
Attaining physical wellbeing improves emotional wellbeing, begins regaining status in community
Generally have severe health issues, can worsen if untreated→ issues must be addressed to maintain physical wellbeing
Needs not met; experience physical, emotional illbeing, possibility of emergency medical services (cost money generally homeless don’t have)

ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING
Physical wellbeing→ well nourished, clothed appropriately, area to sleep in relative comfort (improves emotional wellbeing) → helps regain status in community
Generally no access to shelter, rely on food vans, bins, not dressed for conditions they live in→ causes physical, emotional, social illbeing
Affects sense of identity→ increases feeling of not belonging, decreases self esteem

Question 43

Justify the TWO most significant needs for each group and discuss the implications if these are not met

GLBTI

Answer 43

HEALTH
Important to maintain healthy living and contribute to overall wellbeing
Health services need to be easily accessible and accepting of diversity
Higher rates of cancer, sexual diseases, obesity, suicide
If health needs aren’t met; can become ill, resulting in hospital or death

SENSE OF IDENTITY
Important to feel accepted→ emotional wellbeing, sense of belonging, self esteem
Maintaining can be challenging→ especially when coming out to loved ones
Discrimination in society can negatively impact this need
Person needs to be comfortable with their identity and not be discriminated against
If needs not met: mental health problems, or drug/alcohol abuse→ negative for health

Question 44

Justify the TWO most significant needs for each group and discuss the implications if these are not met

YOUTH

Answer 44

SENSE OF IDENTITY
Important during transition between childhood and adolescence
Need to feel valued, have a purpose and direction
Positive self concept→ when a young person has ability to initiate and maintain relationships and communicate effectively
If need isn’t met→ depression/other mental health problems may arise (further complicates young person’s life)

EDUCATION
Important for rules and content designed to help young live in society
Increases access to services and resources, enhances confidence in seeking support
Contributes to positive sense of identity
If need isn’t met; employment opportunities are decreased and ability to meet other needs is reduced.

Question 45

What are the types of services? (FAT LEECH)

Answer 45

Financial support, ,
Accommodation and housing, 
Transport, 
Legal aid, 
Education, 
Employment, 
Counselling, 
Health care

Question 46

Types of Services:

FINANCIAL SUPPORT

Answer 46

Pople with a disability
Sickness Allowance; for short-term disability
Mobility Allowance; Assists with transport costs for those who can’t use public transport

Homeless people:
Department of Human services; crisis payments, centrelink, rent deduction scheme
Many require fixed addresses; which homeless don’t have

GLBTI:
GLBTI youth, disabled GLBTI individuals or homeless GLBTI individuals can access the services stated above
Many GLBTI individuals prefer to use the internet to access services, due to anonymity it provides

Youth:
NSW Department of Fair Trading→ advises youth about financial aid and employment issues
Centrelink allowances

Question 47

Types of Services:

ACCOMMODATION AND HOUSING

Answer 47

People with a disability
Person may require modifications to their home (ramps, handrails in bathrooms etc)
May need accommodation with full or part time care.

Homeless people:
Department of Housing→ short term accommodation for homeless people
Crisis Accommodation Program

GLBTI:
Some landlords may be discriminate against GLBTI individuals in terms of renting etc
GLBTI house may be safe haven, free from discrimination

Youth:
Most live at home with parents
Emergency shelters, emergency refuges→ exist in community

Question 48

Types of Services:

TRANSPORT

Answer 48

People with a disability
Public transport→ accessibility standards enforced; designated seats, ramps, boarding devices
Private vehicles; disabled parking spots; wheelchair access

Homeless people:
Unlikely people will use public transport due to discrimination from public, or unable to pay fare

GLBTI:
May access Community Transport→ not for profit transport service
May use public transport, or private cars

Youth:
Public transport concessions→ reduced costs

Question 49

Types of Services:

LEGAL AID

Answer 49

People with a disability
Free legal aid from Disability discrimination legal service
Australian centre for disability law→ protects rights

Homeless people:
Homeless Person’s Legal Service→ free service to people who are homeless or at risk of becoming homeless

GLBTI:
LGBTI legal service→ not for profit organisation offer advice and legal support for GLBTI individuals

Youth:
Legal Aid ACT, LAwstuff, legal aid websites→ provide free support and services for youth in need of ai

Question 50

Types of Services:

EDUCATION

Answer 50

People with a disability
Sign language specialist for deaf children in school
Braille technology for the blind at school

Homeless people:
Father Chris Riley’s Youth off the streets:

GLBTI:
Many GLBTI individuals prefer to use the internet to access services, due to anonymity it provides
May choose to enrol from mainstream schooling if faced with discrimination and return in later years to complete pathways education

Youth:
Compulsory education until end of Year 10
Educational ‘pathways’ allow youth to acquire training in prospective field of employment while still in school. E.g. ACU Step up to Nursing program run in the school holidays

Question 51

Types of Services:

EMPLOYMENT

Answer 51

People with a disability
Disability employment services→ assist employment of people with disability

Homeless people:
Mission Australia: Provide basic training programs that can help homeless people acquire skills to help obtain employment

GLBTI:
Being a GLBTI individual doesn’t affect performance at work, but if discrimination occurs during work, individuals may need to access legal aid services

Youth:
Job Services Australia→ Govt national employment services, provides skills, training and support to those under 21

Question 52

Types of Services:

COUNSELLING

Answer 52

People with a disability
Carers, nursing staff, professional mental health practitioners
MOIRA disability counselling→ works to meet specific needs

Homeless people:
Can access mental health counselling, drug and alcohol clinics run by services such as Red Cross

GLBTI:
Sydney Gay Counselling→ support for those who feel confused about their identity, how to work through relationship problems with friends and family etc

Youth:
ReachOut→ support to youth with mental health problems
Youth off the Streets; assists homeless youth
Beyondblue, Kids Helpline etc

Question 53

Types of Services:

HEALTH CARE

Answer 53

People with a disability
Type of service dependent on type of disability
E.g. Physiotherapy for person with nerve damage etc

Homeless people:
NSW Health: Employ health workers who provide basic healthcare to homeless people in accommodation centres and on the streets

GLBTI:
National LGBTI Health Alliance: provide health care services for GLBTI individuals

Youth:
Department of Health: Vaccinations to all youth
Health Care Card: Low-income youth to access cheaper prescription medicines

Question 54

Factors affecting access to services:

What are the characteristics of individuals within the group? (FACTS LG)

Answer 54

First language spoken
Age
Culture
Type of disability
Socioeconomic status
Level of education
Gender

Question 55

What are the characteristics of individuals within the group?

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 55

AGE
Both ends of lifespan→ may be carer dependent for assistance in accessing services (E.g. financial support, healthcare)
Some may be difficult to assist (immobility and factors related to age/size)

GENDER
Disability from motor accidents→ more frequently (males) → greater compensation, rehabilitation available to men
Women→ fewer education opportunities, earn less, more likely to be institutionalised or exposed to violence

LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Education needed to manage disabilities
Intellectual disabilities→ learn to use mobiles, internet→ increases access to info, enhances communication
Young receive additional assistance at school and in TAFE (specialised teachers/classrooms)

CULTURE
Some community facilities cater to people from ethnic backgrounds

TYPE OF DISABILITY
Type and degree of disability; significant in accessing services (long, short term, life threatening, uncomfortable etc)
Disability is diverse and so is range of support available

FIRST LANGUAGE SPOKEN
May affect familiarity/knowledge of services (confidence reduced when language barriers)
Many services have interpreters, written fact sheets in different languages)

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Many have welfare support (limits access to private hospitals, occupational therapists etc)
Higher ses→ can buy specialised equipment (motorised wheelchairs etc) but those with low ses are on waiting lists
Lower ses: harder to participate in specialised activities, e.g.Paralympic games

Question 56

What are the characteristics of individuals within the group?

HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 56

AGE
Affects all ages (2% are 75+) (17% children under 12)
Children might not know service exists, adolescent may think they are too young to seek housing assistance
Older homeless; may have age related health conditions prevents from accessing services

GENDER
Create division according to gender (more support for women→ increased need to protect from domestic violence)
Emergency short and long term accommodation for both

LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Many have poor literacy/numeracy skills→ need programs to improve
Need education about accommodation, welfare groups, social programs available to them, or won’t know they are there

CULTURE
Cultural barriers→ may make fearful of govt agencies/welfare groups
Some find accommodation/services offered culturally inappropriate (gender, desegregation, food prep, prayer space)

TYPE OF DISABILITY
Mental health issues→ difficulties accessing services→ barriers in communication
Many are discriminated against when seeking private rental accommodation
Physical disabilities→ affect ability to travel to certain places to access services

FIRST LANGUAGE SPOKEN
May affect familiarity/knowledge of services (confidence reduced when language barriers)
No interpreters, lack of cultural understanding, racism, discrimination→ affects access to service

SOCIOECONIMIC STATUS
Most don’t have income→ restricts ability to engage in consumer-driven society
Hard to seek govt support or employment if difficulties in providing form of identification (driver’s license, passport)

Question 57

What are the characteristics of individuals within the group?

GLBTI

Answer 57

AGE
Young might not know about types of support (healthcare, counselling etc) or struggle with identity and sexuality→ fear rejection from family/friends (keep identity a secret→ harder to access resources) Some young find it exciting/liberating
Not previously consideration to older GLBTI community. Sex-Discrimination Amendment Act 2013→ now providers can’t turn away GLBTI clients due to sexuality, gender etc

GENDER
All genders can access services; might mean disclosing info not previously shared; females more likely to than males
Service providers need to use gender neutral language to make GLBTI feel comfortable disclosing and addressing issues

LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Knowledge of diversity, support services, safe sex practices→ increase willingness to access resources improving wellbeing
Need to educate community→ ensure acceptance, support of GLBTI individuals accessing community resources

CULTURE
Acknowledging gender diversity brings ‘shame’ on family (leads to hiding sexuality from family)due to culture. Experiences lead to depression/anxiety→ reduce chance of accessing services

TYPE OF DISABILITY
Some services don’t identify and acknowledge variety of needs in addition to disabilities (don’t acknowledge GLBTI)
Most services only deal with disability→ reluctant to advise services that support GLBTI individuals

FIRST LANGUAGE SPOKEN
Interpreter may be needed; bilingual staff and client family/friends not enough→ may not be trained or familiar with legal/ethical issues (confidentiality), may not understand neutral role in interaction, might try to spare from bad news

SOCIOECONIMIC STATUS
Better ses→ more services available, may be better able to afford private health care, suitable transport, secure housing
Lower ses→ Less choice, rely on public healthcare, transport, financial govt assistance, counselling from charity groups.
Regardless of ses→ those who reach out to service; more likely to achieve wellbeing

Question 58

What are the characteristics of individuals within the group?

YOUTH

Answer 58

AGE
Age may prevent from having knowledge.
Many find age prevents from securing greater responsibility roles at work, having opinion respected, gaining adequate accommodation. → Not given opportunity to acquire skills

GENDER
Men less likely to seek help when confronted with physical/mental health issues
Women feel intimidated if confronted by aggressive/humiliating behaviour→ less chance of seeking help from service

LEVEL OF EDUCATION
Low level of education→ low self esteem, lack of self worth→ discourages from accessing service
Many cases; education level linked to ability of obtaining employment

CULTURE
Some cultures; women don’t need to be educated→ lack of motivation to be educated stops young women accessing services
Absence of culturally appropriate assistance→ stop accessing services

TYPE OF DISABILITY
May feel uncomfortable; discrimination still happens
Taunting language, negative body language, lack of appropriate disability access/facilities→ won’t access service

FIRST LANGUAGE SPOKEN
Language proficiency may prevent youth from obtaining employment; because of discrimination or low self esteem,

SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Some services unaffordable E.g. driving lessons, skiing lessons etc
Free services available; many still struggle, unable to leave employment to access service
Low ses→ low self esteem, embarrassed to ask help, depression.
Travelling to facilities→ inability to pay for transport

Question 59

Resources,E.g. time, money, energy, knowledge

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 59

TIME
Must have time to be transported to service (usually time consuming)

MONEY:
Some need expensive equipment (E.g. Beach wheelchair more expensive)
Allowances given, but income might not compare with full time employment

ENERGY:
Varies on age and condition→ may affect decision to be involved in employment/education courses

KNOWLEDGE:
Some can’t communicate→ some think lack of communication means lack of knowledge
Tech advances→ more opportunities to acquire knowledge (but specialised equipment expensive)
Difficulties accessing tech→ harder to find out about services in area

Question 60

Resources,E.g. time, money, energy, knowledge

HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 60

TIME:
Perceived as having lots of time→ irregular sleeping patterns during night may be unproductive
Time management poor→ lack of personal motivation
Service hours, meetings→ seem irrelevant as don’t have schedules or deadlines

MONEY
No money→ no employment, no bank account, fear of being robbed
Limited money→ restricts access to services where fees are charged (Anxiety, low self esteem)

ENERGY:
Limited diet (sometimes only 1 meal per day) → lack energy
Priority; maintain body temp, stamina→ won’t engage in unnecessary activity
Reduced energy levels, stamina→ unlikely to walk to services; more prone to illnesses

KNOWLEDGE:
Likely to have lower education levels→ unlikely to know about services
May feel uncomfortable asking for help; so won’t ask about services available

Question 61

Resources,E.g. time, money, energy, knowledge

GLBTI

Answer 61

TIME
Need to be able to attend regular support meetings or functions

MONEY:
Need to pay for public transport/petrol to attend appointments with counsellor/healthcare worker

ENERGY:
Need energy to attend appointments with healthcare workers (E.g. If have depression)

KNOWLEDGE:
Need knowledge of online searching; find out about safe sex practices (prevent STDs or HIV/AIDS)

Question 62

Resources,E.g. time, money, energy, knowledge

YOUTH

Answer 62

TIME:
Many waste time (social media, TV/DVD, excessive sleeping on weekends)
Some totally engrossed in study or sport→ don’t explore services available to them

MONEY:
If activity is expensive→ limits participation
Youth who live at home/paying job→ access to services less restricted
Youth who lack money→ limits housing, health, food, education options and ability to get to service
Immediate need of food; more important than transport to visit service

ENERGY:
Lots of energy→ but many passive in leisure time; low motivation linked to low energy
Companions needed to accompany→ limits opportunities available
Some are isolated due to belief/value system (impacts sense of identity & desire to access services)

KNOWLEDGE:
Unaware of location/existence→ unable to use service
Knowledge linked to education→ may not fully understand eligibility for assistance and don’t apply

Question 63

Aspects of the service, E.g. opening hours, confidentiality, location, staffing

PEOPLE WITH A DISABILITY

Answer 63

OPENING HOURS:
Rely on assistance with toileting, dressing, feeding, medication→ may limit time to access service

CONFIDENTIALITY:
Have rights to access service without disclosing unnecessary personal info and confidentiality

LOCATION:
Provision of accessible parking spots?
Rural areas→ may have to travel to access service

STAFFING:
Staff need to be trained to offer support (many people with disabilities require assistance with paperwork, ad meeting govt requirements)

Question 64

Aspects of the service, E.g. opening hours, confidentiality, location, staffing

HOMELESS PEOPLE

Answer 64

OPENING HOURS:
Need night services (safety is issue as in day; sleep or looking for food)

CONFIDENTIALITY:
May be embarrassed to seek assistance or feel security is threatened if details are recorded

LOCATION:
Some have limited transport options (no money for public transport)

STAFFING:
Staff may be unsympathetic, poorly trained, cultural barriers, prejudiced etc

Question 65

Aspects of the service, E.g. opening hours, confidentiality, location, staffing

GLBTI

Answer 65

OPENING HOURS:
Some open 24/7 (online chat rooms) some permanent hours

CONFIDENTIALITY:
Prefer online/anonymity→ fear being ‘outed’

LOCATION:
If easily accessible, one less barrier

STAFFING:
All staff need to be understanding and sensitive to needs of the group

Question 66

Aspects of the service, E.g. opening hours, confidentiality, location, staffing

YOUTH

Answer 66

OPENING HOURS:
Generally full time study/work→ access to services in business hours is difficult

CONFIDENTIALITY:
Critical to feel safe and secure, need to feel comfortable, (E.g.when talking to counsellors)

LOCATION:
As young people are less likely to own transport, services need to be located close to public transport

STAFFING:
Staff needs to be supportive, need to be attentive and not patronising

Question 67

Government policy and legislation

Answer 67

Government policies and legislation and organisations that support the group→ create positive social environment

Govt policy and legislation→ regulate, create equality and protect human rights

Policy→ Beliefs/Ideology of govt

Legislation→ Laws that exist in order to apply the policy

Non discrimination and equality should be visible in all aspects of the law

E.g. Youth: Education Amendment Bill: School attendance legal and compulsory until 17, person is in training or works

E.g. GLBTI:Anti-Discrimination Act 1997: Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, disability, homosexuality, transgender status, age is prohibited

Question 68

Organisations within the community that support the group

YOUTH

Answer 68

Services online or physical→ sense of belonging as people their age know what they are going through

The way youth access these resources→ depends on factors that affect access to services

Kids Helpline
24/7 → easily accessible, adolescent friendly.
Helps youth with info about bullying, suicide prevention, parent separation, sexuality
Improves emotional wellbeing, raises self esteem, sense of belonging

Centrelink
Youth can meet needs through payments
Allow socioeconomic imbalance to be addressed→ economic wellbeing improved
Can achieve specific needs; food, clothing etc→ adequate standard of living needs satisfied

Question 69

Organisations within the community that support the group

GLBTI

Answer 69

GLBTI individuals may require specific support for ‘coming out’ to friends/family or if discrimination

Whilst there are a range of online services, GLBTI individuals in rural and remote areas experience difficulties in accessing appropriate services.

PFLAG
Parents and Friends of Lesbians And Gays→ help, support and info to families and friends of gay people
Sense of identity→ many GLBTI individuals struggle with their gender or sexual identity and coming out to their friends/family
Organisation helps families work together to accept one another→ provides info, support
Helps families be more understanding, accepting of diversity→ improves emotional, social wellbeing, sense of belonging and strong self esteem

Question 70

What is equity?

Answer 70

Equity refers to fairness and justice

Question 71

Equity Issues

GLBTI

Answer 71

Equity issues need to be addressed to create more equal social environment

Meeting needs (SHESEA)

Access to services (FAT LEECH)
Health care (physical, emotional, mental)

Right to equal employment opportunities
Privacy and confidentiality

Freedom from discrimination, stigma, harassment, and physical violence

The legal right to marry (recognition of same-sex relationships by the law and society)
E.g. Inequity that same-sex marriage isn’t legal or sanctioned in Australia. It was legal for 2 months, but then legally overturned and all marriages that had occurred were annulled.

Discrimination
Many young GLBTI individuals face harassment and abuse for their gender identity
Discrimination may be obvious (refused entry to nightclub) or subtle (referring to something disliked as gay)
Repeated discrimination→ stress, anxiety, depression
Anti- discrimination laws in place but shouldn’t be needed

Violence and harassment:
Some use violence/intimidation to hurt/insult GLBTI
Often due to own fears or lack of understanding of diversity
Violence, bullying,harassment can occur in school, workplace, social settings→ experience isolation, threatened, low self esteem, suicide

Health issues:
Often unsafe sexual behaviour (STDs, HIV)
Higher incidence of HIV in gay community→ prejudiced against
Successful intervention.prevention programs→ counselling, education, medical treatment

Question 72

Equity Issues

YOUTH

Answer 72

Universal Declaration on Human Rights: Advocates the rights of youth are the same as the rights given to all other individuals

Human rights are universal and are to be enjoyed by all people, regardless of who they are or where they live; however, youth often face inequalities in following areas;

Socioeconomic inequity (many youth are dependent on adults for financial security or are low paid, often part time employment

Social inequity (social stigma and negative stereotypes; e.g. Youth are referred to as ‘Gen Y’ and too busy on the internet to contribute positively to society)

Political inequity (Many not old enough to vote and often have no say in political decision making)

Geographical (rural youth are at disadvantage in terms of education, employment and social support)

Educational inequity (Particularly the case for socioeconomically disadvantaged and rural youth)

Discrimination (on the grounds of racial, age, sexual and gender issues
Unequal access to resources such as employment, accommodation, transport and health

Address some inequities; a management strategy or action plan, needs to be developed; Can be using existing laws or proposing a change o existing laws, or creation of a new policy or additional government funding to address a need

Question 73

Examine government policy and legislation to determine its role in ensuring equity for each group

YOUTH

Answer 73

EDUCATION AMENDMENT BILL
School attendance legal and compulsory until 17, person is in training or works
Policy improves better employment chances and better wages→ stay in school

YOUTH ALLOWANCE AND ABSTUDY
Payments help socioeconomic and education inequity
Economic Support while completing studies→ stay in school

CONCESSION CARDS
Cheaper travel on public transport/discount rates at movies
Improve inequities from socioeconomic disadvantages→ improves community participation

Question 74

Examine government policy and legislation to determine its role in ensuring equity for each group

GLBTI

Answer 74

ANTI- DISCRIMINATION ACT 1997
Discrimination on the basis of race, sex, disability, homosexuality, transgender status, age is prohibited
Ensures GLBTI individuals can’t be discriminated against in accessing employment, education, accessing services (FAT LEECH) in the community
Under this act, a GLBTI individual can’t be denied the opportunity to fully engage in the community

SEX DISCRIMINATION AMMENDMENT ACT 2013
Discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people is illegal
Recognises importance to treat people with respect and without discrimination regardless of identity
Promotes equality→ everyone is treated fairly and without prejudice or harassment
Increases sense of belonging within community→ people won’t discriminate and harass (harms emotional and social wellbeing of GLBTI people)

Question 75

Critically analyse the extent to which organisations within the community assist in satisfying the needs of each group

YOUTH

Answer 75

KIDS HELPLINE
24/7 → easily accessible, adolescent friendly.
Helps youth with info about bullying, suicide prevention, parent separation, sexuality
Improves emotional wellbeing, raises self esteem, sense of belonging

CENTRELINK
Youth can meet needs through payments
Allow socioeconomic imbalance to be addressed→ economic wellbeing improved
Can achieve specific needs; food, clothing etc→ adequate standard of living needs satisfied

YOUTH ALLOWANCE
Parental means and personal income tested→ allows youth to study full time, complete apprenticeship, move away from home if in difficult situations
Improves sense of identity, economic and emotional wellbeing

Question 76

Critically analyse the extent to which organisations within the community assist in satisfying the needs of each group

GLBTI

Answer 76

PFLAG
Parents and Friends of Lesbians And Gays→ help, support and info to families and friends of gay people
Sense of identity→ many GLBTI individuals struggle with their gender or sexual identity and coming out to their friends/family
Organisation helps families work together to accept one another→ provides info, support
Helps families be more understanding, accepting of diversity→ improves emotional, social wellbeing, sense of belonging and strong self esteem

Twenty10
Counselling, support agencies, accommodation to GLBTI community and their families
Adequate standard of living, safety and security→ if GLBTI individual is unable to live at home accomodation provide shelter, protects the individual
Counselling, support services→ sense of identity; families can be educated to be inclusive of gender diversity, maintaining relationship with GLBTI family member

Beyond Blue (GLBTI)
Online/phone support services, and info helping GLBTI people struggling with their identity or ‘coming out’
Sense of identity→ recognise gender diversity should be celebrated. Acceptance and support services help individuals cope and be proud of who they are
Education→ how to cope with issues faced regarding coming out or transitioning→ helps individuals learn what they need to do in order to live in positive environment
Health→ Mental health issues are addressed, how to seek help for mental illness

Question 77

Investigate a current inequity issues faced by each group and propose strategies to address the issue

YOUTH
GLBTI

Answer 77

YOUTH
Age discrimination: In the workforce, your age determines your pay. Younger youth receive less pay for completing the same tasks as older youth.
STRATEGIES: Universal base pay. Specific amounts for everyone regardless of age. E.g. Everyone receives $15 an hour

GLBTI
No same sex marriage→ lobby to govt etc

Question 78

Contributions the group makes within the community

YOUTH

Answer 78

Youth volunteer around the community. E.g. Referring sporting matches, feeding homeless, reading at nursing homes.

Can be loving family members→ help around the house, babysit younger siblings etc

Go to school→ be educated, succeed in world→ make positive contributions to community

May be role models, volunteers. E.g. Youth group leaders, scouts

Youth are technologically advanced→ willing to share knowledge in new advances (internet, phones)

May be involved in community organisations. E.g. SES, St John Ambulance

Question 79

Contributions the group makes within the community

GLBTI

Answer 79

Promote human rights and greater acceptance of individual differences (E.g. Wear It Purple Day in response to suicides brought about by bullying)

Willingness to challenge conservative opinions, attitudes towards sexuality

Advocating for safe sex practices
Contribution to arts community→ art as device for social change,expressing feelings, building resilience and understandings (graphics, drama, dance)

Proactive organisation and support of community based support services→ members generate greater understandings of issues

Financial contributions to economy→ Higher income sometimes provides significant funds to local, state, economies. E.g. Sydney Mardi Gras provides huge tourist income

Question 80

Explore ONE example of what each group has done to try to improve community attitudes and assess the impact this has had on the wellbeing of the group

YOUTH

Answer 80

Volunteering:
Challenges negative stigma surrounding youth and allows community to see youth interacting and helping others.

Shows initiative, independence and youth as role models.

Youth making difference in the community, helping others

E.g. Youth volunteering for the Vinnies van, delivering food and hot drinks to homeless people. Volunteering late at night to help others. Handing out blankets etc and improving the physical and emotional wellbeing of homeless people. Social wellbeing improves as volunteers listen to the homeless people’s stories.

Community attitudes positively improved as can see youth helping others

Question 81

Explore ONE example of what each group has done to try to improve community attitudes and assess the impact this has had on the wellbeing of the group

GLBTI

Answer 81

Mardi- Gras
Influences economic wellbeing of community→ opportunities for local businesses and shopkeepers to gain income from increased pop staying for festival

Popularity means more people in area→ increased expenditure,benefits local businesses and shops

Tourist attraction→ economic wellbeing of community and benefits GLBTI individuals→ community is grateful for increased income & so will continue to support the Mardi Gras

Question 82

Advocacy (Speaking up for the groups needs and concerns)

Answer 82

Advocacy; Speaking up for human rights,drawing attention tos specific needs and concerns

Effective advocacy→ lobbying, public education, raising awareness, engaging media to publicise issues of concern

E.g. Advocating for same sex marriage→ lobbying politicians to promote marriage equality, ensuring media publicise issue and draw attention to current inequity

Question 83

Raising awareness within the community

YOUTH

Answer 83

Youth do great work that goes unrecognised→ society focuses on negative actions

Youth achievements need to be recognised→ wellbeing is positively influenced

Schools promote initiatives for and by youth

Organisations, organise community awareness programs, activities for youth and broader community.
E.g. Headspace

E.g. 2014 Young Australian of the Year (Jacqueline Freney)
Paralympian swimmer→ raises awareness of spirit of youth
Shows with hard work and determination, anything is possible

Question 84

Raising awareness within the community

GLBTI

Answer 84

Many who work to raise awareness, done to:

Raise GLBTI visibility and raise awareness of issues/injustices

Mobilise GLBTI population→ increases GLBTI community voice

Fight for human rights

Build support from general pop

Question 85

Educating the community

YOUTH

Answer 85

Often negative aspects of youth behaviour→ catches media attention

Profiling collective and individual achievements→ generates heightened understanding in community

Newspapers, promotion of activities, youth events→ educate community

Informal networks→ inform local and wider community of events in which youth are immersed

Local organisations that provide services, work with youth→ strong advocates of clients and educate community

Question 86

Educating the community

GLBTI

Answer 86

Providing education→ beneficial to human rights, and is targeted at enhancing wellbeing of GLBTI individuals, family, friends and colleagues

Reducing homophobia (anti-gay prejudice) and aim of zero tolerance of GLBTI harassment, discrimination and physical violence→ enhances individual and community wellbeing

E.g. Sydney Mardi Gras
Community organisation→ raises awareness and visibility of GLBTI community
Variety of events, culminating in popular Mardi Gras parade

Aus police provide education→ support programs, trained gay and lesbian liaison officers. March every year in parade to show support and enhance relationship with police & GLBTI community

Question 87

Promoting the rights of the group

YOUTH

Answer 87

Rights protect against injustice, help reach individual’s potential and contribute to wellbeing

Rights involve legal and moral responsibilities and have become laws in society

E.g. Working with Children Checks
Assists organisations to develop policies, procedures to keep children and adolescents safe

Protects youth in out of home care environments (Fostering, adopting)

Required for teaching, coaching, employing youth→ allows for safety to be accounted for, so no one faces discrimination or abuse

Question 88

Promoting the rights of the group

GLBTI

Answer 88

Protect against injustice, enable to reach potential and contribute to wellbeing

Legal and moral responsibilities and have become laws in society

No special rights specific to GLBTI individuals

But United Nations Human Rights Charter→ ensures GLBTI individuals receive same protection against discrimination and right to equality as everyone else.