Groups

Question 1

Additive Task

Answer 1

Task where group productivity is the sum of the effort of all individuals in a group.

Question 2

Arousal

Answer 2

Being in the presence of other people makes us excited, which interferes with complex behaviors and facilitates simple behaviors.

Question 3

Distraction

Answer 3

Other people are distracting during tasks. If it is a simple task we can compensate for this and try harder but if it is a complex task, a distraction impairs our performance.

Question 4

Cognitive Misers

Answer 4

Humans have a tendency to group people in various categories or sub-groups.

Question 5

Conjunctive Task

Answer 5

Task where all members in a group have to succeed in order for the groups to succeed.

Question 6

Disjunctive Task

Answer 6

Task where only one person needs to solve the problem for the group to succeed.

Question 7

Group Polarization

Answer 7

When a group tends to make more extreme/polarized decisions than if members were making a decision on their own. Whichever side of the midpoint they start out, group discussion pushes them further towards that opinion.
When does it happen? When people discuss a problem, they gain new information. They often hear more reasons in favor of their opinion. Can convince people that they are right, can bolster their views and lean them towards more extreme decisions

Question 8

Groupthink

Answer 8

When an intelligent group makes extreme decisions, oftentimes bad decisions (examples: Bay of Pigs Fiasco, 1986 Space Shuttle Challenger Explosion). This can be because members are uncomfortable with expressing their doubts about the decision. Sometimes the members shield themselves from outside information that would go against their beliefs.

Question 9

Reference Groups

Answer 9

Groups that influence our values, and opinions because we identify with that group.

Question 10

Social Facilitation

Answer 10

Situations where the presence of others enhances performance, most common when performing tasks that are simple or we can do well.

Question 11

Social Identity Theory

Answer 11

People have a basic tendency to group people into certain categories bc we are cognitive misers, the dimension that is most salient or meaningful at the time depends on context.
» Age, gender, occupation, religion, etc

Question 12

Personal Identity

Answer 12

What is unique to an individual

Question 13

Social Identity

Answer 13

Membership in broad categories or groups
Ex). American, woman, etc

Question 14

Social Inhibition

Answer 14

Presence of others inhibits our performance. This is most common when we perform an unfamiliar task or a challenging/complex task.

Question 15

Social Loafing

Answer 15

The phenomenon in which one puts less effort into a goal when working in a group.

Question 16

Deindividuation

Answer 16

A state of reduced self-awareness, loss of personal identity when in groups. Become less aware of their individual actions and goals. Feel less responsible for the consequences of their actions and become more sensitive to what the group is doing
» Key factors → reduced self awareness and anonymity

Question 17

Competitive Reward Structure

Answer 17

Where only one person can win.

Question 18

Cooperative Reward Structure

Answer 18

Where team/group has to work together to succeed

Question 19

Individualistic Reward Structure

Answer 19

One person’s success is independent of others.

Question 20

Trucking Game

Answer 20

Used in lab studies to examine whether people play cooperatively or competitively; players earn more points if they play cooperatively.

Question 21

Prisoner’s Dilemma

Answer 21

Another game used in lab studies to examine whether people play cooperatively or competitively; players earn more points if they play cooperatively. Based on a situation where two suspects in a crime are separated by police and given the opportunity to confess. The best outcome for each one is if they both stay silent.

Question 22

Cooperators

Answer 22

A value orientation where the individual tries to maximize JOINT REWARDS

Question 23

Competitors

Answer 23

A value orientation where the individual tries to maximize THEIR RELATIVE REWARDS (where an individual’s reward depends on her performance relative to others’ in her peer group?)

Question 24

Individualists

Answer 24

A value orientation where the individual tries to maximize THEIR OWN REWARDS, it doesn’t matter what anyone else is doing.