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M1 Microbiology > Groupings and classifications > Flashcards

Groupings and classifications Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the different ways to classify gram positive cocci?

A

Catalase:
+ve → Staph
-ve → Strep

Coagulase
+ve → Staph Aureus
-ve → Coag-neg Staph

Hemolytic pattern
α=partial=green
- Strep pneumo, Viridans strep
ß=complete=transparent
- Strep. pyogenes
- Strep. agalactiae
- Strep. dysgalactiae
y=none=red
- Enterococcus faecalis
- Enterococcus faecium

Optochin test
S → strep pneumo
R → Viridans strep

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2
Q

Which bacteria are sporing?

A

Mainly G+: (2 bacillus, 4 clostridium, 1 atypical)
1) Bacillus anthracis
2) Bacillus cereus
3) Clostridium botulinum
4) Clostridium difficile
5) Clostridium perfringens
6) Clostridium tetani

Misc:
- Coxiella burnetii

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3
Q

Which bacteria have a urease status?

Creates akaline environment for stones and UTI

A

1 G+, 4 G-
1) Staph saprophyticus
2) Klebsiella
3) Proteus
4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5) Yersinia

Urease does not Protect Your Kidney
1) Proteus (Staghorn calculi)
2) Pseudomonas
3) Yersinia
4) Klebsiella
5) Saprophyticus

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4
Q

What is the medium used to differentiate certain enterics?

A

Macconkey agar (lactose fermentation)

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5
Q

Which enterics can be differentiated differentiated via culture on Macconkey agar?

A

Fast fermenters (pink):
1) E. coli
2) Klebsiella
EK

Slow/non-fermenters (yellow)
1) Proteus
2) Pseudomonas
3) Salmonella
4) Shigella
5) Yersinia
PPSSY

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6
Q

Which bacteria have pertinent capsules?

A

3 G+, 3 G-
1) Strep. pyogenes
2) Strep pneumo
3) Bacillus anthracis (only pure protein)
4) Neisseria meningitidis
5) Escherichia coli
6) Haemophilus influenzae

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7
Q

Which microbes are covered under the childhood immunisation schedule?

A

1) BCG (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
2) Hep B
3) DTaP
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Clostridium tetani
- acellular Bordetella pertussis
4) IPV (polio)
5) PCV10/13 (Strep pneumo)
6) MMRV
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rubella
- Varicella Zoster
7) HPV
8) Influenza

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8
Q

Which vaccines are required by law?

A

1) Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
2) Measles

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9
Q

Which bacteria have vaccines against them but are not under NCIS?

A

1) Neisseria meningitidis
2) Klebsiella
3) Pseudomonas
4) Salmonella typhi
5) Vibrio

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10
Q

What is the most important toxin in Staph aureus?

A

Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)

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11
Q

What is the most important toxin in Strep pyogenes?

A

Streptococcus pyrogenic toxin (scarlet fever)

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12
Q

What is the most important toxin in Bacillus anthracis?

A

anthrax

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13
Q

What is the most important toxin in Bacillus cereus?

A

heat-stable exotoxin

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14
Q

What is the most important toxin in Clostridium botulinum?

A

Botulinum toxin

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15
Q

What is the most important toxin in Clostridium tetani?

A

Tetanus toxin

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16
Q

What is the most important toxin in Clostridium perfringens?

A

Alpha toxin (Gas gangrene)

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17
Q

What is the most important toxin in Clostridium difficile?

A

Toxin A and B (CDAD)

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18
Q

What is the most important toxin in Corynebacterium diphtheria?

A

Diphtheria toxin

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19
Q

What is the most important toxin in Vibrio spp.?

A

Choleragen

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20
Q

What is the most important toxin in E. coli?

A

Shiga-like toxin

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21
Q

What is the most important toxin in Shigella spp.?

A

Shiga toxin

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22
Q

What is the most important toxin in Helicobacter pylori?

A

Cytotoxin A, urease

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23
Q

What is the most important toxin in Bordetella pertussis?

A

pertussis toxin

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24
Q

What are the possible bacterial causes of infective endocarditis?

A

All G+ cocci
- Staph aureus/ saprophyticus/ epidermitis/ lugdunensis
- Strep pyogenes/ agalactiae/ dysgalactiae/ pneumoniae
- Viridans strep
- Enterococcus faecalis/ faecium

Haemophilius influenza
Coxiella burnetti

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25
Q

What would be the most probably causes of infective endocarditis in individuals with native, healthy valves?

A

Staph aureus, HACEK group

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26
Q

What would be the most probably causes of infective endocarditis in individuals with artificial valves?

A

Coag -ve staph
- Staph. epidermitis/ lugdunensis/ saptophyticus

Weaker streps
- viridans strep

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27
Q

What would be the most probably causes of infective endocarditis in individuals with scarred valves?

A

All possible
- all staph, strep, HACEK

28
Q

What are the possible causes of bacterial pharyngitis?

A

1 cause is GAS

4 G+, 3 G-, 1 misc
1) Staph aureus
2) Strep pyogenes
3) Strep pneumo
4) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
5) Moraxella catarrhalis
6) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
7) Haemophilus influenzae
8) Mycoplasma pneumoniae

But bacterial causes all less common than viral pharyngitis

29
Q

What are the 4 possible bacterial causes of epiglottitis?

A

1) Strep pyogenes
2) Strep pneumo
3) Pseudomonas
4) Haemophilus influenzae (type B → cherry red epiglottis)

30
Q

What are 4 possible bacterial causes of sinusitis?

A

1) Strep pyogenes
2) Strep pneumo (#1)
3) Moraxella catarrhalis
4) Haemophilus influenzae

31
Q

What are 9 bacterial causes of community-acquired pneumonia?

A

5 Typical
1) Strep pneumo
2) Strep pyogenes
3) Staph aureus (post viral)
4) Moraxella catarrhalis
5) Haemophilus influenzae

4 Atypical
1) Mycoplasma pneumoniae
2) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3) Chlamydia / Chlamydophila
4) Legionella

32
Q

What are 5 bacterial causes of hospital-acquired pneumonia?

HAP = 2 days after admission w/o presenting w any symptoms

A

1) MRSA
2) Klebsiella
3) E. coli
4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5) Acinetobacter baumanii

33
Q

Which bacteria can cause Otitis media (4Str), Otitis externa (1), and both (2)?

A

Otitis media:
1) Strep pneumo
2) Moraxella catarrhalis
3) Haemophilus influenzae

Otitis externa:
1) Strep pyogenes

Both:
1) Staph aureus
2) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (#1 for otitis media)

34
Q

What are 7 bacterial causes of conjunctivitis?

A

3G+, 3G-, 1 misc
1) Staph aureus
2) Strep pyogenes
3) Strep pneumo

4) Neisseria gonorrhea (ophthalmia neonatorum)
5) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (+keratitis)
6) Haemophilus influenzae

7) Chlamydia trachomatis

35
Q

What are the features of bacterial meningitis?

A

1) Low glucose
2) High protein
3) Neutrophilic dominance (except TB: lymphocytes)
4) Turbid yellow CSF from lumbar puncture

36
Q

What are the 5 age categories to classify px with meningitis?

A

1) Perinatal
2) Infant
3) Adults
4) Elderly
5) Others

37
Q

What are 3 typical causative organism for bacterial meningitis in a neonate?

A

LESs than 3mths of age
1) Listeria monocytogenes
2) Escherichia coli
3) Strep agalactiae

38
Q

What are 3 typical causative organism for bacterial meningitis in a child?

A

1) Strep pneumo
2) Neisseria meningitidis
3) Haemophilus influenzae

39
Q

What are 2 typical causative organism for bacterial meningitis in an adult?

A

1) Strep pneumo
2) Neisseria meningitidis

40
Q

What are 4 typical causative organism for bacterial meningitis in an elderly individual?

A

1) Strep pneumo
2) Neisseria meningitidis
3) Haemophilius influenzae
4) Listeria monocytogenes

41
Q

What are other causes of bacterial meningitis?

A

1) Milliary TB
2) Tertiary syphilis
3) Nosocomial staph aureus

42
Q

What age group is meningitis caused by Strep pneumo and Neisseria menigitidis less common than the rest?

A

Neonates

43
Q

What is the causative organism in CDAD?

A

Clostridium difficile associated disease

44
Q

What is the causative bacteria of gastritis stomach/peptic ulcers?

A

Helicobacter pylori

45
Q

What are the bacteria causes of GE?

A

4G+ 8G-
1) Staph aureus
2) Bacillus cereus
3) Clostridium difficile
4) Listeria monocytogenes

1) E. coli
2) Pseudomonas
3) Salmonella enteritidis
4) Shigella spp.
5) Campylobacter jejuni
6) Vibrio
7) Helicobacter pylori
8) Yersinia spp.

46
Q

What are some bacterial causes of UTIs?

A

5G+ 5G-
1) Staph aureus
2) Staph saprophyticus
3) Strep agalactiae
4) Enterococcus faecalis
5) Enterococcus faecium

1) E. coli (#1)
2) Klebsiella
3) Proteus
4) Pseudomonas
5) Enterobacter

47
Q

What are some co-morbidities that may pre-dispose a px to UTI?

A

1) DM
2) Urinary obstruction (eg. BPH, Stones)
3) Catheters

48
Q

Which organisms commonly cause genital infections and co-infections with each other?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis
Neisseria Gonorrhoea

49
Q

What is the #1 cause of Pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis or co-infection with Neisseria gonorrhoea

50
Q

What is a potential complication of PID involving the liver?

A

Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome (violin string adhesion)

51
Q

What organism should you suspect for thick, purulent, creamy discharge?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea

52
Q

What organism should you suspect for cottage cheese discharge?

A

Candida albicans

53
Q

What organism should you suspect for green yellow discharge?

A

Trichomonas (protozoa)

54
Q

What organism should you suspect for grey milky discharge?

A

Bacterial vaginosis

55
Q

What are some bacterial causes of SSTIs?

A

8G+, 7G-, 2misc
1) Staph aureus
2) Staph epidermidis
3) Staph lugdunensis
4) Strep pyogenes
5) Enterococcus faecalis
6) Enterococcus faecium
7) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
8) Clostridium perfringens

1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2) Neisseria meningitidis
3) Vibrio
4) Bartonella
5) Brucella
6) Pasteurella
7) Yersinia

1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2) Mycobacterium leprae

56
Q

What are 5 different SSTIs in order of their depth in effect?

A

1) Impetigo
2) Folliculitis
3) Erysipelas
4) Cellulitis
5) Necrotising fasciitis

57
Q

Which organism causes most types of SSTI expect gas gangrene and folliculitis?

A

Strep pyogenes

58
Q

Which bacteria is most commonly associated with impetigo and carbuncles?

A

Staph aureus

59
Q

Which bacteria is most commonly associated with erysipelas?

A

Strep pyogenes

60
Q

Which bacteria is most commonly associated with hot tub folliculitis?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

61
Q

Which bacteria is most commonly associated with necrotising fasciitis?

A

Strep pyogenes

62
Q

Which bacteria is associated with cat scratch wounds?

A

Bartonella spp.

63
Q

Which bacteria is associated with cat bite wounds?

A

Pasteurella multocida

64
Q

What are 2 common bacterial causes of osteomyelitis?

A

Staph aureus
Salmonella

65
Q

What are 2 common bacterial causes of septic arthritis?

A

Staph aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoea

M1 Microbiology (7 decks)

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