Groupings and classifications Flashcards
What are the different ways to classify gram positive cocci?
Catalase:
+ve → Staph
-ve → Strep
Coagulase
+ve → Staph Aureus
-ve → Coag-neg Staph
Hemolytic pattern
α=partial=green
- Strep pneumo, Viridans strep
ß=complete=transparent
- Strep. pyogenes
- Strep. agalactiae
- Strep. dysgalactiae
y=none=red
- Enterococcus faecalis
- Enterococcus faecium
Optochin test
S → strep pneumo
R → Viridans strep
Which bacteria are sporing?
Mainly G+: (2 bacillus, 4 clostridium, 1 atypical)
1) Bacillus anthracis
2) Bacillus cereus
3) Clostridium botulinum
4) Clostridium difficile
5) Clostridium perfringens
6) Clostridium tetani
Misc:
- Coxiella burnetii
Which bacteria have a urease status?
Creates akaline environment for stones and UTI
1 G+, 4 G-
1) Staph saprophyticus
2) Klebsiella
3) Proteus
4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5) Yersinia
Urease does not Protect Your Kidney
1) Proteus (Staghorn calculi)
2) Pseudomonas
3) Yersinia
4) Klebsiella
5) Saprophyticus
What is the medium used to differentiate certain enterics?
Macconkey agar (lactose fermentation)
Which enterics can be differentiated differentiated via culture on Macconkey agar?
Fast fermenters (pink):
1) E. coli
2) Klebsiella
EK
Slow/non-fermenters (yellow)
1) Proteus
2) Pseudomonas
3) Salmonella
4) Shigella
5) Yersinia
PPSSY
Which bacteria have pertinent capsules?
3 G+, 3 G-
1) Strep. pyogenes
2) Strep pneumo
3) Bacillus anthracis (only pure protein)
4) Neisseria meningitidis
5) Escherichia coli
6) Haemophilus influenzae
Which microbes are covered under the childhood immunisation schedule?
1) BCG (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
2) Hep B
3) DTaP
- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
- Clostridium tetani
- acellular Bordetella pertussis
4) IPV (polio)
5) PCV10/13 (Strep pneumo)
6) MMRV
- Measles
- Mumps
- Rubella
- Varicella Zoster
7) HPV
8) Influenza
Which vaccines are required by law?
1) Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
2) Measles
Which bacteria have vaccines against them but are not under NCIS?
1) Neisseria meningitidis
2) Klebsiella
3) Pseudomonas
4) Salmonella typhi
5) Vibrio
What is the most important toxin in Staph aureus?
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)
What is the most important toxin in Strep pyogenes?
Streptococcus pyrogenic toxin (scarlet fever)
What is the most important toxin in Bacillus anthracis?
anthrax
What is the most important toxin in Bacillus cereus?
heat-stable exotoxin
What is the most important toxin in Clostridium botulinum?
Botulinum toxin
What is the most important toxin in Clostridium tetani?
Tetanus toxin
What is the most important toxin in Clostridium perfringens?
Alpha toxin (Gas gangrene)
What is the most important toxin in Clostridium difficile?
Toxin A and B (CDAD)
What is the most important toxin in Corynebacterium diphtheria?
Diphtheria toxin
What is the most important toxin in Vibrio spp.?
Choleragen
What is the most important toxin in E. coli?
Shiga-like toxin
What is the most important toxin in Shigella spp.?
Shiga toxin
What is the most important toxin in Helicobacter pylori?
Cytotoxin A, urease
What is the most important toxin in Bordetella pertussis?
pertussis toxin
What are the possible bacterial causes of infective endocarditis?
All G+ cocci
- Staph aureus/ saprophyticus/ epidermitis/ lugdunensis
- Strep pyogenes/ agalactiae/ dysgalactiae/ pneumoniae
- Viridans strep
- Enterococcus faecalis/ faecium
Haemophilius influenza
Coxiella burnetti
What would be the most probably causes of infective endocarditis in individuals with native, healthy valves?
Staph aureus, HACEK group
What would be the most probably causes of infective endocarditis in individuals with artificial valves?
Coag -ve staph
- Staph. epidermitis/ lugdunensis/ saptophyticus
Weaker streps
- viridans strep
What would be the most probably causes of infective endocarditis in individuals with scarred valves?
All possible
- all staph, strep, HACEK
What are the possible causes of bacterial pharyngitis?
1 cause is GAS
4 G+, 3 G-, 1 misc
1) Staph aureus
2) Strep pyogenes
3) Strep pneumo
4) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
5) Moraxella catarrhalis
6) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
7) Haemophilus influenzae
8) Mycoplasma pneumoniae
But bacterial causes all less common than viral pharyngitis
What are the 4 possible bacterial causes of epiglottitis?
1) Strep pyogenes
2) Strep pneumo
3) Pseudomonas
4) Haemophilus influenzae (type B → cherry red epiglottis)
What are 4 possible bacterial causes of sinusitis?
1) Strep pyogenes
2) Strep pneumo (#1)
3) Moraxella catarrhalis
4) Haemophilus influenzae
What are 9 bacterial causes of community-acquired pneumonia?
5 Typical
1) Strep pneumo
2) Strep pyogenes
3) Staph aureus (post viral)
4) Moraxella catarrhalis
5) Haemophilus influenzae
4 Atypical
1) Mycoplasma pneumoniae
2) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3) Chlamydia / Chlamydophila
4) Legionella
What are 5 bacterial causes of hospital-acquired pneumonia?
HAP = 2 days after admission w/o presenting w any symptoms
1) MRSA
2) Klebsiella
3) E. coli
4) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5) Acinetobacter baumanii
Which bacteria can cause Otitis media (4Str), Otitis externa (1), and both (2)?
Otitis media:
1) Strep pneumo
2) Moraxella catarrhalis
3) Haemophilus influenzae
Otitis externa:
1) Strep pyogenes
Both:
1) Staph aureus
2) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (#1 for otitis media)
What are 7 bacterial causes of conjunctivitis?
3G+, 3G-, 1 misc
1) Staph aureus
2) Strep pyogenes
3) Strep pneumo
4) Neisseria gonorrhea (ophthalmia neonatorum)
5) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (+keratitis)
6) Haemophilus influenzae
7) Chlamydia trachomatis
What are the features of bacterial meningitis?
1) Low glucose
2) High protein
3) Neutrophilic dominance (except TB: lymphocytes)
4) Turbid yellow CSF from lumbar puncture
What are the 5 age categories to classify px with meningitis?
1) Perinatal
2) Infant
3) Adults
4) Elderly
5) Others
What are 3 typical causative organism for bacterial meningitis in a neonate?
LESs than 3mths of age
1) Listeria monocytogenes
2) Escherichia coli
3) Strep agalactiae
What are 3 typical causative organism for bacterial meningitis in a child?
1) Strep pneumo
2) Neisseria meningitidis
3) Haemophilus influenzae
What are 2 typical causative organism for bacterial meningitis in an adult?
1) Strep pneumo
2) Neisseria meningitidis
What are 4 typical causative organism for bacterial meningitis in an elderly individual?
1) Strep pneumo
2) Neisseria meningitidis
3) Haemophilius influenzae
4) Listeria monocytogenes
What are other causes of bacterial meningitis?
1) Milliary TB
2) Tertiary syphilis
3) Nosocomial staph aureus
What age group is meningitis caused by Strep pneumo and Neisseria menigitidis less common than the rest?
Neonates
What is the causative organism in CDAD?
Clostridium difficile associated disease
What is the causative bacteria of gastritis stomach/peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What are the bacteria causes of GE?
4G+ 8G-
1) Staph aureus
2) Bacillus cereus
3) Clostridium difficile
4) Listeria monocytogenes
1) E. coli
2) Pseudomonas
3) Salmonella enteritidis
4) Shigella spp.
5) Campylobacter jejuni
6) Vibrio
7) Helicobacter pylori
8) Yersinia spp.
What are some bacterial causes of UTIs?
5G+ 5G-
1) Staph aureus
2) Staph saprophyticus
3) Strep agalactiae
4) Enterococcus faecalis
5) Enterococcus faecium
1) E. coli (#1)
2) Klebsiella
3) Proteus
4) Pseudomonas
5) Enterobacter
What are some co-morbidities that may pre-dispose a px to UTI?
1) DM
2) Urinary obstruction (eg. BPH, Stones)
3) Catheters
Which organisms commonly cause genital infections and co-infections with each other?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Neisseria Gonorrhoea
What is the #1 cause of Pelvic inflammatory disease?
Chlamydia trachomatis or co-infection with Neisseria gonorrhoea
What is a potential complication of PID involving the liver?
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome (violin string adhesion)
What organism should you suspect for thick, purulent, creamy discharge?
Neisseria gonorrhoea
What organism should you suspect for cottage cheese discharge?
Candida albicans
What organism should you suspect for green yellow discharge?
Trichomonas (protozoa)
What organism should you suspect for grey milky discharge?
Bacterial vaginosis
What are some bacterial causes of SSTIs?
8G+, 7G-, 2misc
1) Staph aureus
2) Staph epidermidis
3) Staph lugdunensis
4) Strep pyogenes
5) Enterococcus faecalis
6) Enterococcus faecium
7) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
8) Clostridium perfringens
1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
2) Neisseria meningitidis
3) Vibrio
4) Bartonella
5) Brucella
6) Pasteurella
7) Yersinia
1) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2) Mycobacterium leprae
What are 5 different SSTIs in order of their depth in effect?
1) Impetigo
2) Folliculitis
3) Erysipelas
4) Cellulitis
5) Necrotising fasciitis
Which organism causes most types of SSTI expect gas gangrene and folliculitis?
Strep pyogenes
Which bacteria is most commonly associated with impetigo and carbuncles?
Staph aureus
Which bacteria is most commonly associated with erysipelas?
Strep pyogenes
Which bacteria is most commonly associated with hot tub folliculitis?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Which bacteria is most commonly associated with necrotising fasciitis?
Strep pyogenes
Which bacteria is associated with cat scratch wounds?
Bartonella spp.
Which bacteria is associated with cat bite wounds?
Pasteurella multocida
What are 2 common bacterial causes of osteomyelitis?
Staph aureus
Salmonella
What are 2 common bacterial causes of septic arthritis?
Staph aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoea
