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Group Processes and Social Influences Flashcards

1
Q

What is norm formation?

A

a norm is an evaluative scale designating an acceptable latitudes and objectionable longitude for behaviour
norms affect perception, judgements and behaviour

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2
Q

What is the autokinetic effect experiment?

A

Sherif (1935, 1936)
participants are in an ambiguous situation and need to make judgements about the distance moved by a spot of light in a dark room

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3
Q

What were the 2 conditions in Sherif’s experiment?

A
  1. making judgements alone and then in a group
    - participants form an individual range and then converge towards the group
  2. making judgements in a group and then alone
    - judgements converge towards to the group and then the same range is used alone
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4
Q

What were the results from Sherif’s experiment?

A

if an individual range is formed before the group range, convergence is reduced
if a group norm is established before the individual norm it affects the individual range; informational influence

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5
Q

What is the line length experiment?

A

Asch (1950’s)
participants observe a line for a short period of time and then have to select it from a group - unambiguous
confederates complete the experiment with 1 naïve participant

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6
Q

What were the results from Asch’s experiment?

A

2/3 of responses were correct
1/3 were erroneous; incorrect
3/4 of participants made at least 1 error

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7
Q

What are the implications of Asch’s experiment?

A

participants yield to the majority some of the time; when the task was completed alone there was an almost zero error rate, however with the group there was error on 1/3 of the trials

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8
Q

What are the implications of Sherif’s experiment?

A

people use the norm created by a group as a source of information about reality why is why the group norm becomes internalised

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9
Q

What factors can lead to yielding?

A

a unanimous majority of 3
an ambiguous task
the character of the individual; independent/withdrawn
distortions of perception, judgement or action

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10
Q

What are some general features of yielding?

A

Jahoda (1959)
people ten to question their own judgement, not that of the majority
most longed to agree with the majority even if they didn’t actually do so

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11
Q

What is compliance?

A

public acceptance and private rejection
normative social influence
referent social influence

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12
Q

What is normative social influence?

A

Turner (1991); acting to conform to the positive expectations of another due to the power of others to reward/punish and the personal responsibility for non-conformity
motivations; to achieve acceptance and approval while avoiding rejection and hostility

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13
Q

What is referent social influence?

A

using another group member as reference for how a typical group member should act

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14
Q

What is internalisation?

A

public and private acceptance

informational influence

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15
Q

What is informational influence?

A

Turner (1991); accepting information from the group as evidence for objective reality
creates a long-lasting attitude change
achieved through a motivation to achieve subjective validity and correctness

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16
Q

What is independence?

A

public and private rejection

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17
Q

What is anti-conformity?

A

public rejection and private acceptance

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18
Q

What is social reality testing?

A

Festinger (1950)
testing the consensual support for a belief, attitude or opinion
only agreement from appropriate reference group members matters
social reality testing increases as dependence on physical reality testing decreases

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19
Q

What is the importance of group-locomotion?

A

Festinger (1950)
uniformity is necessary for a group to move towards a goal
members a dependent on each other to conform
pressure increases when there is relevant discrepancy in the group

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20
Q

What is the role of social comparison?

A

Festinger (1954)
to evaluate opinions and abilities
used when there is no objective, non-social means of comparison
comparing the self to similar others
reducing the difference between the self and others

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21
Q

What variables can determine group conformity?

A 
Turner (1991)
interdependence, similarity and group cohesiveness
consensual validation and social support
normative influence
informational influence
relative power of members
extremity of the norm
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22
Q

What are group deviates?

A

people who stray from the general consensus going against the group
slider; initially argue then give in
mode; go along with the group

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23
Q

How are group deviates perceived?

A

Schachter (1951); as undesirable group members, they are paid the most attention to

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24
Q

What are the important behavioural styles of minorities according to Moscovici?

A

consistency; disrupt the norm, draw attention to a coherent alternative viewpoint, demonstrate commitment and certainty towards the viewpoint
autonomy; without ulterior motive
investment; personal/material investment in the cause
rigidity; not dogmatic but consistent

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25
Q

How is minority influence qualitatively different from majority influence?

A

majority primarily induces compliance through comparison processes
minority induces private change through cognitive conflict and restructuring through validation processes

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26
Q

How do minorities create change?

A

Moscovici; conversion through indirect/private attitude change, capitalising on peoples dislike for social and cognitive conflict

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27
Q

Which study shows evidence of minority influence?

A

Moscovici, Lage & Naffrechoux (1969); blue/green colour slides

28
Q

What were the 2 parts to Moscovici, Lage & Naffrechoux’s (1969) experiment?

A
  1. participants view colour slides in a group with one deviant confederate
  2. participants view colour slides alone
29
Q

What did the group stage of the colour slides experiment show?

A

incorrect response with consistent deviant = 8%

incorrect response with inconsistent/no deviant = 1%

30
Q

What did the individual stage of the colour slides experiment show?

A

participants green thresholds had lowered with the consistent and inconsistent deviants - private change had been induced

31
Q

How does minority and majority influence compare on the colour slides experiment?

A

Moscoviv & Lage (1976)
two consistent confederates (minority) = 10% green
unanimous majority = 40% green
non unanimous majority = 12% green
*only the minority induced latent, private change

32
Q

What is conversion theory?

A

Moscovici (1980)

attention to arguments leads to latent, indirect, private acceptance

33
Q

How did Wood et al (1994) compare the effects of minorities and majorities?

A

minorities are less effective on direct measures but more effective on indirect measures - greater persuasion

34
Q

What are the theories for the processing of minority/majority views?

A

Source Context Elaboration Model
Different Types of Thinking
Group Membership

35
Q

What is the Source Context Elaboration Model?

A

Martin & Hewstone (2008)
Elaboration; thinking about the message
low elaboration; uses heuristic processing favouring the majority
high elaboration; systematic processing favouring the better argument
intermediate elaboration; systematic processing of minority view - Conversion Theory

36
Q

What is the Different Types of Thinking theory?

A

Nemeth
majority influences induce anxiety due to social comparison; narrow focus on message
minority keeps people relaxed as there is no obligation; broad, divergent thinking

37
Q

What is the Group Membership theory of information processing?

A

David & Turner (1996)
immediately there is strong normative social influence
after a delay there is a stronger referent informational influence (self-categorisation theory)

38
Q

What is Group Mind Theory?

A

Gustave Le Bon (1895)
once submerged in a crowd the individual mind disappears and is replaced by the racial unconscious
contagion of behaviour

39
Q

What are some critiques of Gustave’s theory?

A

the theory would predict indiscriminate, mindless violence
however this is not accurate;
- there are clear limits (people and property of attack)
- not just any behaviour is spread
- not just anyone is influence

40
Q

What is Individualism?

A

All port (1924)
there is no psychology of groups that is not essential and entirely a psychology of individuals
the convergence of similar individuals and their social facilitation of each others primitive behaviour

41
Q

What is Interactionism?

A

Gestalt
an element takes its meaning from its place in the whole
individual behaviour is explicable in terms of group membership
Sherif
group norms are established within the group
norms are internalised by individuals as a frame of reference for how to act
representation of the group comes about through interpersonal interaction

42
Q

What is the minimal group paradigm?

A

Tajfel et al. (1971)
boys are randomly assigned to 2 groups
there is no in/outgroup interpersonal contact
there are no previous relationships with in/outgroups
boys favoured their in-group; shown by a higher allocation of points

43
Q

How do Turner et al. (1987) explain self-categorisation theory?

A

interpersonal contact is not important, shared social identity is important
social identity shapes subsequent behaviour
cognitive representations take the form of self-categories
salience of self-categories = fit x perceiver readiness
collective behaviour operates through self-stereotyping

44
Q

What is depersonalisation?

A

a function of Turner et al.’s theory in which the individual is interchangeable with other group members

45
Q

What are some consequences of depersonalisation?

A

collective behaviour
attraction to in-group
self-sacrifice
sharing perception with in-group

46
Q

What is ‘fit’?

A

normative; group members act the way you would expect

comparative; differences within the group are less than differences between groups

47
Q

What is Reicher’s social identity model?

A

there is a shift from personal to social identity

48
Q

What is collective behaviour?

A

adherence to group norms
social influence from in-group
feeling of unity

49
Q

What are the functions of emotions?

A

Tracey & Robins (2007)
survival/reproductive goals
social girls indirectly related to survival

50
Q

What are the functions of self-conscious emotions?

A

Tracey & Robins (2004)
to regulate the self in group and social relationships
drives people to work hard and behave in moral, socially acceptable ways
motivates socially valued behaviours that help maintain a positive self-concept and others respect

51
Q

What are positive self-conscious emotions?

A

pride; reinforces socially valued behaviours that help to maintain a positive self-concept and others respect

52
Q

What are negative self-conscious emotions?

A

guilt; motivates repair and apology

shame; motivates distance and secrecy

53
Q

How did Parkinson (1996) describe emotions as social?

A

caused by social factors
have consequences for other people
serve interpersonal and cultural functions
are essentially communicative

54
Q

What evidence is there for the social function of emotions?

A 
Bowling experiment (Kraut & Johnston, 1979)
facial expressions were much more pronounced when turning around to an audience than when facing the result of the ball
55
Q

What is the emotions as social information model?

A 
Van Kleef (2009)
emotional expression
observer's affective reactions
observer's inferences
observer's behaviour
56
Q

What is motor mimicry?

A

Chartrand & Bargh (1999)

the unintentional imitation of other’s expressive gestures, physical or emotional

57
Q

How do others depressed emotions affect people?

A

Joiner (1994); individuals with a depressed roommate were more likely to become depressed themselves
Neumann & Strack (2000); just hearing someone talk in a depressed tone of voice can be contagious

58
Q

What can influence people’s ability to understand other’s emotions?

A

Botox (Neal et al., 2011; Davis et al., 2011)

the inability to mimic others expressive gestures/emotions reduces your emotional understanding

59
Q

What study showed the emotion contagion?

A 
Facebook contagion (Kramer et al., 2014)
manipulation of positive/negative newsfeed content
reduced negativity in newsfeed = increased participant positivity and decreased negativity compared to control
reduced positivity in newsfeed = increased participant negativity and decreased positivity compared to control
60
Q

What is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

Strack et al. (1988)
facial activity can influence affective responses
participants holding a pen in the teeth (mimicking smiling) showed greater amusement to a cartoon than participants holding a pen in the lips

61
Q

What is the ripple effect?

A

Barsade (2002)

one individuals mood affects an entire group

62
Q

What is group emotion transmission?

A

Fowler & Christakes (2008)

emotions and moods spread throughout social networks

63
Q

How frequently do people tend to share emotions with others?

A

Rimé (1991) people choose to share 9/10 emotional events they experienced with other people, 75% then went through secondary sharing

64
Q

What are the benefits of sharing emotional episodes?

A

Rimé (2009) short term emotional benefits (but impact is not reduced) and long-term solving benefits

65
Q

What is co-rumination?

A

Rose et al. (2007)
extensively talking about problems and their causes is linked to anxiety and depression
however it is linked to relationship closeness and quality

66
Q

How can emotions affect relationships?

A

Gottman & Levenson (2000)

use of criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling and contempt predicted divorce in 93% of couples 17 years later

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