Group E

Question 1

Autotrophs

Answer 1

Inorganic carbon source -CO2
Make organic compounds - from CO2

Question 2

Heterotrophs

Answer 2

Require organic compounds
- other organisms
- protein, carbohydrates, etc.

Question 3

Autotrophs e- source

Answer 3

Inorganic molecules
* H2Fe2+,NO2-
*lithotrophs

Question 4

Heterotrophs e-source

Answer 4

Same organic molecules
Organotrophs

Question 5

A.I. ENERGY SOURCES (CELLULAR PROCESSES)

Phototrophs. Chemotrophs

Answer 5

Light. RedOx reactions

Question 6

Terminal Electron Acceptors (TEA) Facultative
Aerobes

Answer 6

Require O2 as TEA

Question 7

Anaerobes

Answer 7

Require TEA’s other than O2
02 is lethal

Question 8

obligates

Answer 8

Strict requirements,
Otherwise poisonous

Question 9

FACULTATIVE ORGANISMS
Facultative anaerobes

Answer 9

Capable of surviving via fermentation or anaerobic respiration (other TEA)
I.e. E. Coli

Question 10

Aerotoerant

Answer 10

Employ enzymes for detoxification of O2
—-Lactobacillus spp.

Question 11

Microaerophiles

Answer 11

Strict oxygen requirements
—-i.e. H. Pylori (2-10%) in stomach

Question 12

Aside Energy Generation, O2 steals e-

4 reactive O-species (ROS)

Answer 12

Singlet O2
Superoxide radical O2-
peroxide anions O2 2-
Hydroxyl radicals (OH-)

Question 13

Singlet O2

Answer 13

WBCs. ——>Pathogens
Phototrophs. +. Carotenoids

Question 14

Superoxide radical O2-

Answer 14

Superoxide disumutases
(SOD) ——-> H2O2

Question 15

Peroxide anions O2 2-

Answer 15

H2O2 remainders from SODs
* Catalases ——> H2O + O2
* Peroxidases —> H2O + NAD+

Question 16

Hydroxyl radicals (OH-)

Answer 16

Incomplete reduction of H2O2

Question 17

PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH

Conditions that permit or inhibit growth

Answer 17

Temperature
PH
Osmolarity
Pressure

Question 18

Temperature (Effects)

Answer 18

Recall ——Temperature
Molecular motion
Recall protein mantra
3D vs. Denaturation
Recall cellular configuration
Plasma membrane bilayer

Question 19

Temperature. Maxima et Minima

Answer 19

Temperatures—minimum growth
Maximum growth
Optimum growth

Question 20

Classification
Ranges of survival

Answer 20

Psychrophiles
Mesophiles. - Thermoduric
Thermophiles
Hyperthermophiles

Question 21

Classification and there growth rate

Answer 21

Thermophiles best grow at about 70 degrees C
Mesophiles best grow at 40 degrees C
Psychrophiles best grow at 10 degrees C
hyperthermophiles best grow at or between 90 - 100 degrees C

Question 22

DNA is quite long

Answer 22

Compact it into cells via proteins (aka coiling)
Histones in EUK’s
Histones - like proteins (HU proteins) in PROK’s

Question 23

Mutations are divided into 2 basic types

Answer 23

Large and small

Question 24

Mutations (large)

Answer 24

Outcomes: mostly lethal

Question 25

Mutations (small)

Answer 25

Outcomes: Silent—->nothing happens to the proteins, nor host MISSENSE—->protein amino acids change, protein function changes, thus host is affected Nonsense——> protein is truncated (cut short), protein doesn’t function, host is affected

Question 26

Central Dogama: Components

Answer 26

DNA, RNA, protein

Question 27

Central Dogma : Steps

Answer 27

Rep, Tor, tln Know beginnings and ends and on what component (promoters, origins, AUG, terminators, etc) Know helpers (the proteins/enzymes involved in the process Polymerases, primates, ribosomes, etc.

Question 28

Operons (Facultative)

Answer 28

Bacteria only (Proks) Protein expression control (types: Constitutive/facultative

Question 29

Compare DNA structure: Eukaryotes

Answer 29

Linear strands

Question 30

Compare DNA structure: Prokaryotes

Answer 30

Circular strands

Question 31

Compare DNA vs RNA: DNA

Answer 31

Thymine No, Oxygen on the ribose

Question 32

Compare DNA vs RNA : RNA

Answer 32

Uracil Yes, oxygen on the ribose

Question 33

DNA properties: to start, it’s double stranded: Antiparallel

Answer 33

1. Parallel: running side by side never crossing 2. Anti: opposite directions

Question 34

DNA properties: to start, it’s double stranded: Polar

Answer 34

1. 5’ (Phosphate) —> 3’ (OH) 2. 5 and 3 are the carbons on the sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)

Question 35

DNA properties: to start, it’s double stranded: Codes (blueprint or instructions)

Answer 35

1. DNA is double stranded 1. 1 Strand carries the code (coding strand) 2. 2 Strand is the opposite (template strand) 2. During transcription coding strand is identical to mRNA (except T vs U)

Question 36

Protein folding into 3D-shapes

Answer 36

Shape is everything = shape dictates function

Question 37

Protein 3D-shapes: shape comes from:

Answer 37

Primary-order/sequence of the amino acids (this is what the ribosome builds) Secondary-primary sequence folds into a 3rd dimension Alpha helix Beta pleated sheet

Question 38

Post-Tor mods

Answer 38

3 exist, only in EUKs Capping, Poly-A-tail, splicing—->allows protein variability

Question 39

Protein Expression

Answer 39

Making protein via the central dogma Constitutive or Facultative To control it RNA control Micro RNA’s siRNAs <—all prevent protein being made

Question 40

Organelles have_______________ and Function in ____ and______Euk______Pro_____

Answer 40

Nucleus, DNA + Ribo: Euk: Yes and Pr:o No

Question 41

Organelles have_______________ and Function in ____ and______Euk______Pro_____

Answer 41

Cilia/flagella, motility, Euk: yes and Pro: yes

Question 42

Summary of topic Energy Sources, material source (Carbon): Autotrophs (CO2)

Answer 42

Own

Question 43

Summary of topic Energy Sources, material source (Carbon): Heterotrophs

Answer 43

Something else (eating it). Other organics

Question 44

Summary of topic Energy Sources, material source (Carbon): Plants

Answer 44

Photoautrophs

Question 45

Summary of topic Energy Sources, material source (Carbon): Animals

Answer 45

Chemoheterotrophs

Question 46

Summary of topic Energy Sources, (electrons): Phototrophs

Answer 46

Own

Question 47

Summary of topic Energy Sources, (electrons): Chemotrophs

Answer 47

Other organics: something else (eating it)