group dynamics midterm Flashcards
Two or more individuals who are connected by and
within social relationships.
GROUP
defined a group to be two or
more people in “face-to-face interaction as evidenced by
the criteria of gesticulation, laughter, smiles, talk, play or
work”.
John James
A small, long-term group characterized by frequent
interaction, solidarity, and high levels of
interdependence among members that substantially
influences the attitudes, values, and social outcomes of
its members.
I. PRIMARY GROUP
A relatively small number of individuals who interact with
one another over an extended period of time, such as
work groups, clubs, and congregations.
SECONDARY (SOCIAL) GROUP
A relatively large aggregation or group of individuals who
display similarities in actions and outlook.
COLLECTIVES
is a collection of individuals who are
similar to one another in some way.
CATEGORIES
a socially shared set of qualities,
characteristics, and behavioral expectations ascribed to
a particular group or category of people.
Stereotype
Tend to create divisions between people, and those
divisions can result in a sense of we and us versus they
and them.
Categories
The individuals who constitute a group.
The qualities of the individuals who are members of the
group.
COMPOSITION (Who belongs to the Group?)
The relationships that link members to one another
define who is in the group and who is not.
BOUNDARIES (Who does NOT Belong?)
a set of interpersonally interconnected
individuals or groups.
Social Network
Groups are the setting for an infinite variety of
interpersonal actions.
INTERACTION (What Do Members Do?
the conjointly adjusted actions of
group members that pertain to the group’s projects,
tasks, and goals.
Task Interaction
the conjointly adjusted actions of group members that
relate to or influence the nature and strength of the
emotional and interpersonal bonds within the group,
including both sustaining (social support, consideration)
and undermining actions (criticism, conflict).
Relationship Interaction
mutual dependence, as when one’s
outcomes, actions, thoughts, feelings, and experiences
are influenced, to some degree, by other people.
Interdependence –
The organization of a group, including the members,
their interrelations, and their interactions.
STRUCTURE (How Is the Group Organized?)
— the complex of roles, norms, and
inter-member relations that organizes the group.
Group Structure
– specify the general behaviors expected of
people who occupy different positions within.
Roles
a consensual and often implicit standard that
describes what behaviors should and should not be
performed in a given context.
Norm
those in which new members can join
at any time. It promotes inclusivity and diversity.
Open Groups
those in which all members begin the
group at the same time. It provides a sense of security
and confidentiality.
Closed Groups
Who distinguishes among four
basic group goals:
Joseph E. McGrath (1984)
Groups concoct the strategies they
will use to accomplish their goals
Generating:
What is type 1
planning
tasks
What is Type 2
creativity
tasks
what is type 3
intellective
tasks
Groups make decisions about issues
that have correct solutions
choosing
What is type 4
decision-making tasks
Groups resolve differences of opinion
among members regarding their goals or decisions
negotiating
type 5
cognitive conflict tasks
type 6
mixed-motive tasks
type 7
contests/battles/competitive tasks)
type 8
performances/psychomotor tasks
Groups dealing with conceptual tasks
(Types 2–5)
Groups dealing with behavioral tasks
(Types 1, 6, 7,
8)
Conflict tasks
(Types 4–7)
Cooperative tasks
(Types 1–3,
and 8)
which are deliberately formed by its
members or an external authority for some purpose.
Planned Groups
which come into existence
spontaneously when individuals join together in the
same physical location or gradually over time as
individuals find themselves repeatedly interacting with
the same subset of individuals.
Emergent Groups
Who combine both the planned-
emergent dimension and the internal-external dimension
to generate the following fourfold taxonomy of groups:
Social psychologists Holly Arrow, Joseph E. McGrath,
and Jennifer L. Berdahl
are planned by individuals or
authorities outside of the group.
concocted groups
are planned by one or more
individuals who remain within the group.
Founded groups
are emergent, unplanned
groups that arise when external, situational forces
set the stage for people to join together, often
temporarily, in a unified group.
Circumstantial groups
emerge when interacting
individuals gradually align their activities in a
cooperative system of interdependence.
Self-organizing groups
is the integrity, solidarity, social
integration, unity, and groupiness of a group
Group Cohesion
of a group resulting from the
development of strong and mutual interpersonal bonds
among members and group-level forces that unify the
group, such as shared commitment to group goals and
esprit de corps.
unity
describe the extent to which a group
seems to be a single, unified entity—a real group.
ENTITATIVITY (Does the Group Look Like a Group?)
The apparent cohesiveness or unity of an assemblage
of individuals; the quality of being a single entity rather
than a set of independent, unrelated individuals
- ENTITATIVITY
FIVE LAWS OF GESTALT
- Law of Similarity
- Law of Proximity
- Law of Common Fate
- Law of Prägnanz (good form)
- Law of Permeability
the influential interpersonal
processes that occur in and between groups over time.
Group dynamics
formation of the group.
FORMATIVE PROCESSES
influencing each other and
getting along with one another.
INFLUENCE PROCESSES
group get things
done.
PERFORMANCE PROCESSES
all groups are
embedded in a social and environmental context.
CONTEXTUAL PROCESSES
conflict is omnipresent in
and between groups.
CONFLICT PROCESSES
he identified five process stages in his theory of group
development.
Bruce Tuckman
Shared assumptions about the phenomena they study;
and a set of research procedures.
paradigm
low social integration, lacks altruism,
self-centered
egoistic
high social integration, for the
common good
altruistic
low moral regulation, lack of purpose,
sudden
anomic
high moral regulation, oppressive
surrounding
Fatalistic
widely shared beliefs
and the cornerstone of society according to Durkheim.
Collective Representations
explaining social phenomena in terms
of the group as a whole instead of basing the explanation
on the individual-level processes within the group;
ascribing psychological qualities, such as will,
intentionality, and mind, to a group rather than to the
individuals within the group
Group Fallacy
a
hypothetical unifying mental force linking group
members together; the fusion of individual
consciousness or mind into a transcendent
consciousness.
Group Mind (or Collective Consciousness)
the view that recognizes that
a complete explanation of group processes and
phenomena requires multiple levels of analysis,
including individual (micro), group (meso), and
organizational or societal (macro) level.
Multilevel Perspective
factors include the qualities, characteristics,
and actions of the individual members.
Micro-level
factors are group-level qualities of the
groups themselves, such as their cohesiveness, their
size, their composition, and their structure.
Meso-level
factors are the qualities and processes of
the larger collectives that enfold the groups, such as
communities, organizations, or societies.
Macro-level
a measurement method that involves
watching and recording the activities of individuals and
groups.
Observation
openly watching and
recording information with no attempt to conceal
one’s research purposes.
Overt Observation
watching and recording
information on the activities of individuals and
groups without their knowledge.
Covert Observation
the researcher is
watching and recording group activities as a
member of the group or participant in the social
process.
Participant Observation
involves specification
of the exact actions, attributes, or other variables
that are to be recorded and precisely how they are
to be recorded.
Systematic Observation
– a measure’s consistency across time,
components, and raters. For example, if a rater, when
she hears the statement, “This group is a boring waste
of time,” always classifies it as a Category 12 behavior,
then the rating is reliable.
Reliability
consistency across raters. For
example, if different raters, working independently, all code the statement similarly, the rating has
Interrater reliability
two different administrations of
the same test.
Test-retest Reliability
different forms of the
same test.
Alternate-forms Reliability
an estimate of the
reliability of a test can be obtained without developing an
alternate form of the test and without having to
administer the test twice to the same people.
Internal Consistency Reliability
the extent to which the technique measures
what it is supposed to measure.
Validity
establishes a cause-and-
effect relationship between the IV and the DV.
Internal Validity
the extent to which results
can be generalized to other contexts beyond the
specific context in which the study was
conducted.
External Validity
generalize a study’s
findings to real-world situations.
Ecological Validity
can discriminate a
classification over another classification. the ability to
separate good credit quality from bad credit quality.
Discriminative Powers
– assessment methods, such as
questionnaires, tests, or interviews, that ask
respondents to describe their feelings, attitudes, or
beliefs.
Self-Report Measures
a pioneer in the field of group
dynamics, used self-report methods to study the social
organization of groups of young women living in adjacent
cottages at an institution.
Jacob Moreno
– a method for measuring the relationships
among members of a group and summarizing those
relationships graphically (developed by Jacob Moreno).
Sociometry
a research technique that draws on
multiple sources of information to examine, in-depth, the
activities and dynamics of a group or groups.
Case Study
naturally occurring groups, such
as audiences, boards of directors, clubs, or teams,
compared to ad hoc groups created for research
purposes.
Bona Fide Groups
a group or collective that individuals
use as a standard or frame of reference when selecting
and appraising their abilities, attitudes, or beliefs;
includes groups that individuals identify with and admire
and categories of non-interacting individuals.
Reference Group
– the tendency for people to have
better memories for actions and events that they are
personally connected to in some way.
Self-Reference Effect
– the tendency for group
members to have better memories for actions and
events that are related, in some way, to their group.
Group-Reference Effect
it releases prosocial
behaviors and the hypothalamus releases this.
Neuropeptide Oxytocin
approach assumes groups are
complex, adaptive, dynamic systems of interacting
individuals.
systems theory
widely used method for testing the
normality of a dataset and if the participants are exactly
50 and below.
Shapiro-Wilk Test
a standardized statistic that
measures the strength and direction of a relationship
between two variables.
Correlation Coefficient
leader let the members themselves
make their own decisions.
The democratic
leader made all the decisions for the
group.
The autocratic
leader gave the group members very
little guidance.
The laissez-faire
a mental condition
that causes physical symptoms without a clear
medical cause.
Conversion Disorder
who examined the effectiveness of differing styles of
leadership in one of the first experimental studies of
groups.
Psychologists Kurt Lewin, Ronald Lippitt, and Ralph
White
