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Psych 456 > Group dynamics > Flashcards

Group dynamics Flashcards

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1
Q

Group

A

Collection of people perceived to be bonded together in a coherent unit to some degree

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2
Q

Evolutionary perspective on groups

A

Essential - impossible to perform certain tasks without a group, makes us more adaptive

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3
Q

Benefits of groups

A

Self-knowledge, coping (control and support), prestige, help us reach goals

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4
Q

Costs of groups

A

Barriers to joining (fees, hazing), restricted personal freedom, time/energy/resources, emotional distress when leaving (brain circuits overlap for social rejection and physical pain)

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5
Q

Entitativity

A

Group coherence, determined by frequency of interaction, importance, common goals, and perceived similarity

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6
Q

Study on social facilitation (biking)

A

People were faster when trying to beat others compared to beating their own personal record

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7
Q

Study on social facilitation (fishing)

A

Children wound the fishing reel faster when they were around others compared to alone

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8
Q

Social facilitation

A

Presence of others improves performance when it is an easy task/something you are good at

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9
Q

Social inhibition

A

Presence of others hurts performance when task is new or difficult

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10
Q

Study on facilitation vs inhibition (cockroaches)

A

Presence of other cockroaches led to better performance in simple maze and worse performance in complex maze

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11
Q

Study on facilitation vs inhibition (pool)

A

Good pool players performed better with an audience and bad pool players performed worse

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12
Q

Why task difficulty matters for facilitation/inhibition

A

Arousal strengthens dominant responses and interferes with non-dominant responses; presence of others causes arousal (evaluation apprehension, alertness/vigilance, distraction)

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13
Q

Why task difficulty matters for facilitation/inhibition

A

Arousal strengthens dominant responses and interferes with non-dominant responses; presence of others causes arousal (evaluation apprehension, alertness/vigilance, distraction)

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14
Q

Study on evaluation apprerhension

A

Social facilitation on an easy task only happened when audience was present and could see compared to when audience was blindfolded or when participant was alone

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15
Q

Study on alertness/vigilance

A

Participants dressed faster when in the presence of others for easy task (own clothes) and slower in the presence of others for hard task (provided clothes)

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16
Q

Study on distraction

A

When distracted, participants became aroused and experienced social inhibition or facilitation

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17
Q

Social loafing

A

Presence of others lets you off the hook

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18
Q

Study on social loafing (tug of war group size)

A

People put in the least work in a large group compared to the smaller group and when they were alone

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19
Q

Study on social loafing (cheering/clapping)

A

Sound output decreased as group size increased - in a replication study, they gave participants headphones and a blindfold; given pseudo-groups of 2 and 6, and told them to shout; were loudest when they were alone, then with one other person, and least loud when they thought they were in a group of 6

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20
Q

Group cohesiveness

A

Perceived similarity leads to high cohesiveness; people tend to gravitate toward similar others

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21
Q

Study on group cohesiveness

A

All-white vs diverse groups, solved “tourist problem”; all-white group had higher cohesiveness but the diverse group had more effective and feasible ideas

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22
Q

Deindividuation

A

Lose constraints on behavior when we can’t be identified

23
Q

Processes driving deindividuation

A

Decrease in accountability, increase in obedience to group norms

24
Q

Study on deindividuation (giving out shocks or money)

A

Independent or group tasks, could give either shocks or money to a confederate; deindividuated participants gave out higher levels of shocks or money (stronger effect on anti-social behavior)

25
Q

Study on deindividuation (trick or treating)

A

Either alone or in a group and anonymous or identified; identified kids didn’t take as much extra candy, anonymous and in a group had more kids take extra candy

26
Q

Contributors to deindividuation

A

Size of group and anonymity

27
Q

Groupthink

A

Flawed thinking that occurs when group cohesiveness is valued over the thoughtful consideration of information

28
Q

Groupthink study

A

3 conditions - highly cohesive group, isolated from contrary opinions, directive leader; more perceptions of invulnerability and self-censorship with all three conditions

29
Q

Risky shift

A

Groups make riskier decisions

30
Q

Group polarization

A

Shift toward extreme positions

31
Q

Study on tendency of groups to focus on shared information

A

Had to make decisions in groups about student body president, candidate A has most positive qualities; everyone in shared information group could see candidate A’s 8 positive qualities, people in distributed information group could only see 2 of A’s positive qualities; shared information group reliably picked candidate A, distributed group failed to pick A because they didn’t pool together the information each person had

32
Q

Avoiding groupthink

A

Group leader remains impartial, seek opinions from people outside the group, create subgroups where you discuss then come together, anonymous voting

33
Q

Study on groupthink (juries)

A

Homogeneous (all white) vs diverse, evaluated Black defendant on trial for sexual assault; white jurors in all-white group saw defendant as more guilty than white jurors in diverse group; white jurors in diverse group raised more novel case facts and race-related issues than in all white-group

34
Q

Mutually helping

A

Both sides benefit

35
Q

Negative interdependence

A

Not possible for two people to attain the same outcome

36
Q

Social dilemmas

A

Most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, be harmful to everyone

37
Q

Prisoner’s dilemma

A

Cooperative option benefits both sides, but individual outcome may be more appealing; If both parties choose individual outcome they both lose

38
Q

Arousal and social facilitation

A

Presence of others increases arousal, makes it easier to perform a dominant response but harder to do something complex or learn something new; others cause us to become alert and vigilant, evaluation apprehension, distract us from task at hand

39
Q

Process loss

A

Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving

40
Q

Failure to share unique information

A

Groups tend to focus on shared information, lose opportunity to learn new information

41
Q

Transactive memory

A

Combined memory of a group is more efficient than that of individual members

42
Q

Reasons for group polarization

A

Persuasive arguments (members bring in arguments others haven’t considered) and social comparison (people will take similar positions to group members)

43
Q

Great person theory of leadership

A

Certain personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the situation

44
Q

Transactional leader

A

Set clear, short-term goals and reward those who meet them

45
Q

Transformational leader

A

Inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals

46
Q

Contingency theory of leadership

A

Leadership effectiveness depends on how task-oriented or relationship-oriented the leader is and on the amount of control and influence they have

47
Q

Task-oriented leader

A

Getting job done is more important than feelings and relationships; do better in high and low control work situations

48
Q

Relationship-oriented leader

A

Feelings and relationships are more important than getting the job done; do well in moderate-control work situations

49
Q

Glass cliff

A

Women tend to be placed in crisis and high-risk situations

50
Q

Social dilemmas

A
51
Q

Tit-for-tat strategy

A

Start with cooperative option, then always respond with the way your partner did on previous trials

52
Q

Negotiation

A

Offers and counteroffers made, solution only when both parties agree

53
Q

Integrative solution

A

Outcome where parties make trade-offs according to different interests

Psych 456 (5 decks)

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