Group 5 Flashcards
1
Q
defined broadly as
any method for closing a pack so
that the product is properly
contained and protected
A
closure
2
Q
a device that
seals a product within a pack, but
which can be removed to allow the
product to be accessed.
A
closure
3
Q
_____________ closures fall into two types: Push in and Push on
A
Push fit
4
Q
those in which the closure is
pushed in the open neck of the container,
A
Push in closures
5
Q
those in which the closure is
pushed on or over the outside of the top of the
container
A
push on closures
6
Q
These closures rely on compression.
The cork material, typically natural cork or low-density
polyethylene (LDPE), squishes against the smooth glass
container neck to form a tight seal.
A
Wine Bottle Cork
7
Q
These lids rely on a tight fit achieved by
pressing the lid rim onto the container neck. Both the lid and container need to be rigid enough to handle this pressure without deforming.
A
Pry off lids
8
Q
These closures,
common for containers like cocoa powder, use the
compressibility of LDPE to create a seal.
A
Push-in Plastic Closures for Dry Products
9
Q
Push-on closures, also called
A
Press on closures
10
Q
offer a
balance of speed and ease of use in manufacturing and
application, allowing for fast filling and sealing
A
Push-on closures
11
Q
offer a wide range of design possibilities
with various shapes and colors for both closures and
containers.
A
Push-on closures
12
Q
These are the simplest, featuring a metal-rimmed
lid placed on a metal container.
A
slip lids
13
Q
These require good stretch in
the closure material to form a tight seal around the
container neck.
A
Push-on Plastic Closures
14
Q
These closures, often
used for baby food, combine a tinplate shell with a
soft, injected thermoplastic sealing compound.
A
Push-on, Twist-off Closures
15
Q
Thenumberofturns athread makesaffects the tightness of the
seal.
A
Thread engagement
16
Q
The shape of the threads on the closure needs to match the shape
of the threads on the container neck
A
Thread profile
17
Q
These include a pre-inserted wad that acts as a seal
between the container top and the closure’s inner
surface.
A
wadded closure
18
Q
when the closure dimensions are at
the ___________ of the specification, and
the container dimensions are at the
maximum, the closure can still be
easily applied to the container
A
minimum
19
Q
Designed for lower cost, these closures rely on a
ring inside the closure that fits into the container
neck to create a seal.
A
LINERLESS CLOSURE
20
Q
These are often used with
screw caps for tamper evidence and added
security.
A
Membrane Seals
21
Q
This option
combines a wad with a foil membrane loosely
attached. Heat seals the membrane to the
container, while the wax bond between the wad
and membrane weakens, allowing consumers to
remove the membrane but keep the wad for
resealing
A
Combined wad and membrane
22
Q
Developed
in the 1950s, they require less than one
turn (usually under ____) to apply and
remove.
A
90 degrees, LUG CLOSURE
23
Q
Lugs or protrusions on the cap’s inner edge engage
with an interrupted thread on the container neck
A
LUG CLOSURE
24
Q
These are widely used on bottles of beer and are
typically made from heavy gauge metal, e.g. tin
free steel, with suitable coatings on both the
inside and outside.
A
CRIMPED CROWN CORK CLOSURE
25
designed for glass bottles containing
carbonated drinks.
Crown corks
26
Typical lidding materials include
aluminum foil, paper,
metalized PET, or PP,
27
. These lids are removed by peeling
back, and the seal must be sufficiently strong to
protect the product over its intended shelf life yet not
sostrong it cannotbeopenedby consumers
PEELABLE SEALING LIDS
28
Also indicates when an unauthorized access to
the protected object was made
TAMPER EVIDENT
29
uses rollers to apply force around the
cap andformthreads aroundthe bottle
Roll on
30
made of soft-temper aluminum with a partially
perforated ring (or skirt) at its lower edge
Roll-onPilfer Proof (ROPP)metalclosures
31
High demand in liquor, medical, pharmaceuticals,
beverages, food, agrochemicals, edible oil, lube oil and
misc. industries.
Roll-onPilfer Proof (ROPP)metalclosures
32
This closure with perforated ring or skirt is
screwed downwards and then pushed to make it
stationary
Plastic tamper evident closures
33
These are cylindrical sleeves of plastic film,
placed loosely over a filled and sealed pack and
then shrunk in place using heat.
Shrink seals or bands
34
Self-adhesive
substrates
or
ungummed
substrates applied using adhesive applicators,
either across the junction of a bottle/jar and its
closure, or across the flaps of cartons
Adhesivelabelsandtapes
35
Applies the principle of having to carry out two
different actions at the same time, which is
generally not intuitive for young children
CHILD RESISTANT
36
The combination of coordination and force can
be a problem for some groups of adults with ____________
reduced motor skills
37
controlled dispensing of a container’s contents
Flip topclosures
38
used on containers of liquids to help consistent dispensing.
Somearemetered to provide uniform usage
Dispensing pumps
39
Spray pumps are also
Dispensing pumps
40
the action or process of adhering to a surface or
object.
Adhesion
41
Five (5) widely known theories of adhesion
Mechanical Theory
Electrostatic (Electronic) Theory
Diffusion Theory--
Wetting Theory
Chemical Bonding
42
penetration of adhesives into pores, cavities, and other
surface irregularities on the surface of the substrate.
Mechanical Theory
43
Caused by surface irregularities.Applying force along the junction of smooth surface site
causes ___________
Mechanical interlocking, zipper like effect
44
adhesion takes place due to electrostatic effects between
the adhesive and the adherend.
Electrostatic(Electronic) Theory
45
Primary explanation for the polymer-metal adhesion
Electrostatic(Electronic) Theory
46
This theory suggests that adhesion is developed through
the interdiffusion of molecules in between the adhesive and
the adherend.
Diffusion Theory
47
primarily applicable when both the adhesive and the
adherend are polymers with relatively long-chain molecules
capable of movement
Diffusion Theory
48
process of establishing continuous contact
between the adhesive and the adherend
Wetting
49
This theory proposes that adhesion results from molecular
contact between two materials and the surface forces that
develop
WettingTheory
50
For an adhesive to wet a solid surface, the
adhesive requires a ___________
than the critical surface tension of the solid
lower surface tension
51
This mechanism attributes the formation of an adhesion
bond to surface chemical forces.
ChemicalBonding
52
made from naturally occurring raw materials which
includes any animal or agricultural by-products such as
organic materials
Natural Adhesives
53
manufactured from man-made materials such as
polymers.
synthetic adhesives
54
produced from materials possessing high strength and
durability. characterized by having high strength and
permanence.
structural adhesives
55
Main function is to hold structures together and to
resist high loads without any significant deformation
structural adhesives
56
They creep under conditions of moderate load and can
degrade after long term exposure to the environment.
nonstructural adhesives
57
Also known as “holding adhesives”.
nonstructural adhesives
58
Cannot be heated and softened during repeated
cycles after initial curing.
Thermosetting Adhesives
59
Thermosetting adhesives cure themselves through an irreversible chemical
reaction known as
crosslinking
60
Compared to thermosetting adhesives, they generally
do not cure when subjected to heat.
thermoplastic adhesives
61
Upon the application of the adhesive to the substrate,
the parts are joined together, and the adhesive
hardens by cooling.
Thermoplastic adhesives
62
Based on synthetic or naturally occurring elastomeric
polymers that possess high toughness and
elongation
Elastomeric Adhesives
63
Made from polymeric resins that are capable of high
degrees of extension and compression.
Elastometric adhesives
64
Produce by combining thermosetting, thermoplastic,
and elastomeric adhesives.
Alloy adhesives
65
Due to the elastomeric component, the glass
transition temperature (Tg) is ___________ and the
resistance to elevated temperatures and chemicals is
also weakened
lowered
66
could
significantly limit the characteristics of
the adhesive in the particular
application
method of curing
67
A type of reaction wherein a side product is also produced, which is
commonly water.
Condensation reaction
68
Noformation of by-products.
Includes polyesters, epoxies, urethanes, cyanoacrylates, anaerobics, and
radiation curable polymers
Addition reaction
69
These types of adhesives are commonly used both in
structural and non-structural applications
Chemically reactive adhesives
70
Composed of two or more components
that must be kept separate until just before
the bondingprocess
Multiple part adhesive systems
71
These components must be measured in
the necessary ratio, mixed, and then
dispersed.
Multiple part adhesive systems
72
Typically consist of two or more premixed
components
Single component systems that cure via catalyst or hardener
73
Use the humidity in the ambient air to react
with the base resin in the adhesive
formulation.
Moisture curing adhesives
74
common
single component adhesives that cure by
reacting with environmental moisture.
Polyurethanes and silicones
75
Cancurebyexposureto radiation such as a
UVorlight
UV/light curing adhesives
76
Require the presence of the correct
wavelengths of light at sufficient intensity to
produce strong structural bonds.
UV/light curing adhesives
77
UV/light curing adhesives use _________ to actovate the free radical curing mechanisms
photoinitiators
78
Single component adhesives that can cure
via a chemical reaction mechanism that
uses the active or live metal ions on the
substrate as a catalyst
Adhesives catalyzed by the substrate
79
Adhesives catalyzed by the substrate are also called
anaerobic adhesives
80
Adhesives catalyzed by the substrate are first developed by
Loctite
81
Adhesives catalyzed by the substrate cure at a fast rate range from several
minutes to
24 hr
82
Single component solid adhesive systems are
madein several ways. One of these methods is to
completely formulate the adhesive system,
including resins, fillers, curing agents, etc., in the
liquid state and then converting it into a solid
state that is not completely cured
Adhesives in solid form(tape, film, powder)
83
Usually applied to both substrates either by
spray or roll coating.
contact adhesives
84
A typical contact adhesive application is
the bonding of decorative surface materials
to woodfor kitchen counter tops
contact adhesives
85
Their tackiness is permanent and there is no
optimal time range when the substrates
must bejoined
Pressure-sensitive adhesives
86
Pressure-sensitive adhesives are usually based on _________
elastomer and thermoplastic solvent solutions
87
Alsoknownassolvent activated adhesives.
Reactivatable adhesives
88
Used for their mechanical interlocking
ability
Resinous solvent adhesives
89
A type of adhesive that can harden by
cooling from a melt condition.
Hot melt adhesives
90
They are generally thermoplastic adhesives
that soften and melt when heated, and they
harden following subsequent cooling
Hot melt adhesives
91
The difference between paste and liquid
adhesive lies mainly in _____________
viscosity and
method of application
92
free flowing fluids that
can beapplied in thin films.
liquid adhesives
93
heavily bodied, often
thixotropic systems that must be applied
with spreading equipment such as a trowel
or caulking gun
paste adhesives
94
Use organic solvent to reduce viscosity for
easier application.
solvent-based adhesives
95
Solvent-based
adhesives
may be
chemically _________, usually through the
application of a curing agent and heat
crosslinked
96
Usually emulsions of thermoplastic resins
Water-based adhesives
97
The water carrier is evaporated through the
air or diffused into the porous substrate.
Water-based adhesives
98
Like solvent-based adhesives, ____________ are
formulated as contact, pressure sensitive,
reactivatable, and resinous adhesive
systems
Water-based adhesives
99
Most widely used emulsion-based adhesive
is the
polyvinyl acetate-polyvinyl alcohol
copolymer (white glue or wood glue)
100
Common forms of solid adhesives are
tape or film, powder, or solid shape forms.
101
Supported on a web of paper, nonwoven
fabric, or on open weave scrim of glass
cotton or nylon.
Tapes or films
102
Must be first heated or solvent-activated to
be madeliquidandflowable.
powdered adhesives
103
Solid _____________ are formulated
with thermoplastic resins.
hot melt adhesives
104
Adhesive price is dependent on
development costs and
volume requirements.
105
Adhesives in film or powder form require more processing
than liquid or paste types and are usually
more expensive
106
Thus, metal adhesives, wood adhesives, and vinyl adhesives
refer to the
substrate they will bond
107
acid-resistant adhesives, heat-resistant adhesives,
and weatherable adhesives indicate the
environment for which each is best suited
108
generally required to be applied over the entire
substrate surface, as are pressure sensitive adhesives
applied to label stock, and heat-seal coating applied
to lidding stock
Laminating adhesives for film and paper structures
109
Coating methods include
roller coating, blade/knife
coating, flexo-roller and gravure cylinder
110
The most relevant parameter to check on any
adhesive bond, both during pack development
and as an on-going quality check,
bond strength
111
It is the ability of an adhesive to create a
durable and reliable bond between two
surfaces.
bond strength
112
There are two important aspects to bond
strength:
the resistance of the bonded substrates to being peeled apart
resistance to the application of a shear force
113
Three key factors significantly impact bond
strength
surface preparation, adhesive properties, and characteristics
114
penetrate into surface
irregularities more effectively
low viscosity adhesives
115
The time required for the adhesive to reach its maximum
strength affects the bond formation process.
cure time
116
Four commonly used testing
methods for bond strenght:
tensile testing, shear testing,
cleavage testing, and peel testing
117
This method applies a pulling force directly opposite the
bonded area, attempting to separate the materials in a
straight line.
tensile test
118
This test applies a force parallel to the bonded area,
trying to make the materials slide past each other.
shear test
119
determine the shear strength
of the bond, which is the force required to cause this
sliding fracture. It is useful for assessing how well a bond
resists forces that try to tear it apart sideways.
shear tests
120
This test evaluates the bond strength by applying a force
perpendicular to the bonded interface, similar to a tensile
test.
cleavage test
121
Peel tests are _______ tests
cleavage
122
is the typical peel test used
T-peel test
123
They serve many
purposes, including branding, providing instructions and
warnings, and even combating counterfeiting
labels
124
These are the most common type of
labels.
self-adhesive labels
125
They have a pressure-sensitive
adhesive backing that sticks to a surface
when you press it on.
self-adhesive labels
126
These labels have an adhesive backing
that requires moisture to activate.
wet-glue (gummed labels)
127
These labels are made of a flexible plastic
film that conforms to the shape of a container.
Wrap-around Film Labels
128
These labels are placed directly inside
the mold during the product manufacturing
process.
In-mold Label
129
These labels are essentially a tube of
plastic film that shrinks around a container
when heat is applied.
Sleeve Labels
130
These labels are made from a roll of
plastic film that is die-cut into individual
shapes and then stacked.
Cut-and-stack Film Labels
131
This printing technique involves
engraving the image onto an image
carrier, typically a copper cylinder
Gravure
132
This method is performed using
aluminum printing plates, each holding
an image of the content to be printed
Offset LithographY
133
fastest and
widest presses currently in operation,
ideal for high-volume printing.
Gravure
134
Enables the brand owner to enter a
market with a minimum of waiting time
andminimizes development costs.
Digital printing
135
It is a non-contact process, with
special ink being dispersed into very
fine droplets through a nozzle
ink jet printing
136
combines two or more
printing techniques– commonly flexographic plus digital or flexographic plus thermal– to achieve a unique customer requirement in a cost-effective manner
hybrid
137
This printing process involves the use
of a raised surface, usually made of
metal or polymer, with ink being
applied to the raised areas and then
transferred onto the label material.
Letterpress
138
consists of transferring a
design, made on a stencil, using ink and a
squeegee
Screen process
139
foil is dispensed over
the substrate against a counter plate while
using stamp to apply heat and pressure.
hot foil stamping
140
foil is dispensed from
a roll and laid over the substrate, which has
a UV adhesive printed in the desired
pattern
cold foil stamping
141
Primarily used for printing on
packaging materials, it is commonly
used to produce high-quality labels for
everything from plastic bags, juice
cartons, and disposable cups to even
chocolate bar wrappers
flexography
142
A printing technique that combines
flexographic printing with ultraviolet
(UV) light curing.
UV Flexo
