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POLYMER ENG'G FINALS > Group 5 > Flashcards

Group 5 Flashcards

1
Q

defined broadly as
any method for closing a pack so
that the product is properly
contained and protected

A

closure

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2
Q

a device that
seals a product within a pack, but
which can be removed to allow the
product to be accessed.

A

closure

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3
Q

_____________ closures fall into two types: Push in and Push on

A

Push fit

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4
Q

those in which the closure is
pushed in the open neck of the container,

A

Push in closures

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5
Q

those in which the closure is
pushed on or over the outside of the top of the
container

A

push on closures

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6
Q

These closures rely on compression.
The cork material, typically natural cork or low-density
polyethylene (LDPE), squishes against the smooth glass
container neck to form a tight seal.

A

Wine Bottle Cork

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7
Q

These lids rely on a tight fit achieved by
pressing the lid rim onto the container neck. Both the lid and container need to be rigid enough to handle this pressure without deforming.

A

Pry off lids

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8
Q

These closures,
common for containers like cocoa powder, use the
compressibility of LDPE to create a seal.

A

Push-in Plastic Closures for Dry Products

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9
Q

Push-on closures, also called

A

Press on closures

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10
Q

offer a
balance of speed and ease of use in manufacturing and
application, allowing for fast filling and sealing

A

Push-on closures

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11
Q

offer a wide range of design possibilities
with various shapes and colors for both closures and
containers.

A

Push-on closures

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12
Q

These are the simplest, featuring a metal-rimmed
lid placed on a metal container.

A

slip lids

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13
Q

These require good stretch in
the closure material to form a tight seal around the
container neck.

A

Push-on Plastic Closures

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14
Q

These closures, often
used for baby food, combine a tinplate shell with a
soft, injected thermoplastic sealing compound.

A

Push-on, Twist-off Closures

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15
Q

Thenumberofturns athread makesaffects the tightness of the
seal.

A

Thread engagement

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16
Q

The shape of the threads on the closure needs to match the shape
of the threads on the container neck

A

Thread profile

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17
Q

These include a pre-inserted wad that acts as a seal
between the container top and the closure’s inner
surface.

A

wadded closure

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18
Q

when the closure dimensions are at
the ___________ of the specification, and
the container dimensions are at the
maximum, the closure can still be
easily applied to the container

A

minimum

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19
Q

Designed for lower cost, these closures rely on a
ring inside the closure that fits into the container
neck to create a seal.

A

LINERLESS CLOSURE

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20
Q

These are often used with
screw caps for tamper evidence and added
security.

A

Membrane Seals

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21
Q

This option
combines a wad with a foil membrane loosely
attached. Heat seals the membrane to the
container, while the wax bond between the wad
and membrane weakens, allowing consumers to
remove the membrane but keep the wad for
resealing

A

Combined wad and membrane

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22
Q

Developed
in the 1950s, they require less than one
turn (usually under ____) to apply and
remove.

A

90 degrees, LUG CLOSURE

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23
Q

Lugs or protrusions on the cap’s inner edge engage
with an interrupted thread on the container neck

A

LUG CLOSURE

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24
Q

These are widely used on bottles of beer and are
typically made from heavy gauge metal, e.g. tin
free steel, with suitable coatings on both the
inside and outside.

A

CRIMPED CROWN CORK CLOSURE

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25
Q

designed for glass bottles containing
carbonated drinks.

A

Crown corks

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26
Q

Typical lidding materials include

A

aluminum foil, paper,
metalized PET, or PP,

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27
Q

. These lids are removed by peeling
back, and the seal must be sufficiently strong to
protect the product over its intended shelf life yet not
sostrong it cannotbeopenedby consumers

A

PEELABLE SEALING LIDS

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28
Q

Also indicates when an unauthorized access to
the protected object was made

A

TAMPER EVIDENT

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29
Q

uses rollers to apply force around the
cap andformthreads aroundthe bottle

A

Roll on

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30
Q

made of soft-temper aluminum with a partially
perforated ring (or skirt) at its lower edge

A

Roll-onPilfer Proof (ROPP)metalclosures

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31
Q

High demand in liquor, medical, pharmaceuticals,
beverages, food, agrochemicals, edible oil, lube oil and
misc. industries.

A

Roll-onPilfer Proof (ROPP)metalclosures

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32
Q

This closure with perforated ring or skirt is
screwed downwards and then pushed to make it
stationary

A

Plastic tamper evident closures

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33
Q

These are cylindrical sleeves of plastic film,
placed loosely over a filled and sealed pack and
then shrunk in place using heat.

A

Shrink seals or bands

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34
Q

Self-adhesive
substrates
or
ungummed
substrates applied using adhesive applicators,
either across the junction of a bottle/jar and its
closure, or across the flaps of cartons

A

Adhesivelabelsandtapes

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35
Q

Applies the principle of having to carry out two
different actions at the same time, which is
generally not intuitive for young children

A

CHILD RESISTANT

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36
Q

The combination of coordination and force can
be a problem for some groups of adults with ____________

A

reduced motor skills

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37
Q

controlled dispensing of a container’s contents

A

Flip topclosures

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38
Q

used on containers of liquids to help consistent dispensing.
Somearemetered to provide uniform usage

A

Dispensing pumps

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39
Q

Spray pumps are also

A

Dispensing pumps

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40
Q

the action or process of adhering to a surface or
object.

A

Adhesion

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41
Q

Five (5) widely known theories of adhesion

A

Mechanical Theory
Electrostatic (Electronic) Theory
Diffusion Theory–
Wetting Theory
Chemical Bonding

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42
Q

penetration of adhesives into pores, cavities, and other
surface irregularities on the surface of the substrate.

A

Mechanical Theory

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43
Q

Caused by surface irregularities.Applying force along the junction of smooth surface site
causes ___________

A

Mechanical interlocking, zipper like effect

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44
Q

adhesion takes place due to electrostatic effects between
the adhesive and the adherend.

A

Electrostatic(Electronic) Theory

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45
Q

Primary explanation for the polymer-metal adhesion

A

Electrostatic(Electronic) Theory

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46
Q

This theory suggests that adhesion is developed through
the interdiffusion of molecules in between the adhesive and
the adherend.

A

Diffusion Theory

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47
Q

primarily applicable when both the adhesive and the
adherend are polymers with relatively long-chain molecules
capable of movement

A

Diffusion Theory

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48
Q

process of establishing continuous contact
between the adhesive and the adherend

A

Wetting

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49
Q

This theory proposes that adhesion results from molecular
contact between two materials and the surface forces that
develop

A

WettingTheory

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50
Q

For an adhesive to wet a solid surface, the
adhesive requires a ___________
than the critical surface tension of the solid

A

lower surface tension

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51
Q

This mechanism attributes the formation of an adhesion
bond to surface chemical forces.

A

ChemicalBonding

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52
Q

made from naturally occurring raw materials which
includes any animal or agricultural by-products such as
organic materials

A

Natural Adhesives

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53
Q

manufactured from man-made materials such as
polymers.

A

synthetic adhesives

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54
Q

produced from materials possessing high strength and
durability. characterized by having high strength and
permanence.

A

structural adhesives

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55
Q

Main function is to hold structures together and to
resist high loads without any significant deformation

A

structural adhesives

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56
Q

They creep under conditions of moderate load and can
degrade after long term exposure to the environment.

A

nonstructural adhesives

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57
Q

Also known as “holding adhesives”.

A

nonstructural adhesives

58
Q

Cannot be heated and softened during repeated
cycles after initial curing.

A

Thermosetting Adhesives

59
Q

Thermosetting adhesives cure themselves through an irreversible chemical
reaction known as

A

crosslinking

60
Q

Compared to thermosetting adhesives, they generally
do not cure when subjected to heat.

A

thermoplastic adhesives

61
Q

Upon the application of the adhesive to the substrate,
the parts are joined together, and the adhesive
hardens by cooling.

A

Thermoplastic adhesives

62
Q

Based on synthetic or naturally occurring elastomeric
polymers that possess high toughness and
elongation

A

Elastomeric Adhesives

63
Q

Made from polymeric resins that are capable of high
degrees of extension and compression.

A

Elastometric adhesives

64
Q

Produce by combining thermosetting, thermoplastic,
and elastomeric adhesives.

A

Alloy adhesives

65
Q

Due to the elastomeric component, the glass
transition temperature (Tg) is ___________ and the
resistance to elevated temperatures and chemicals is
also weakened

A

lowered

66
Q

could
significantly limit the characteristics of
the adhesive in the particular
application

A

method of curing

67
Q

A type of reaction wherein a side product is also produced, which is
commonly water.

A

Condensation reaction

68
Q

Noformation of by-products.
Includes polyesters, epoxies, urethanes, cyanoacrylates, anaerobics, and
radiation curable polymers

A

Addition reaction

69
Q

These types of adhesives are commonly used both in
structural and non-structural applications

A

Chemically reactive adhesives

70
Q

Composed of two or more components
that must be kept separate until just before
the bondingprocess

A

Multiple part adhesive systems

71
Q

These components must be measured in
the necessary ratio, mixed, and then
dispersed.

A

Multiple part adhesive systems

72
Q

Typically consist of two or more premixed
components

A

Single component systems that cure via catalyst or hardener

73
Q

Use the humidity in the ambient air to react
with the base resin in the adhesive
formulation.

A

Moisture curing adhesives

74
Q

common
single component adhesives that cure by
reacting with environmental moisture.

A

Polyurethanes and silicones

75
Q

Cancurebyexposureto radiation such as a
UVorlight

A

UV/light curing adhesives

76
Q

Require the presence of the correct
wavelengths of light at sufficient intensity to
produce strong structural bonds.

A

UV/light curing adhesives

77
Q

UV/light curing adhesives use _________ to actovate the free radical curing mechanisms

A

photoinitiators

78
Q

Single component adhesives that can cure
via a chemical reaction mechanism that
uses the active or live metal ions on the
substrate as a catalyst

A

Adhesives catalyzed by the substrate

79
Q

Adhesives catalyzed by the substrate are also called

A

anaerobic adhesives

80
Q

Adhesives catalyzed by the substrate are first developed by

A

Loctite

81
Q

Adhesives catalyzed by the substrate cure at a fast rate range from several
minutes to

A

24 hr

82
Q

Single component solid adhesive systems are
madein several ways. One of these methods is to
completely formulate the adhesive system,
including resins, fillers, curing agents, etc., in the
liquid state and then converting it into a solid
state that is not completely cured

A

Adhesives in solid form(tape, film, powder)

83
Q

Usually applied to both substrates either by
spray or roll coating.

A

contact adhesives

84
Q

A typical contact adhesive application is
the bonding of decorative surface materials
to woodfor kitchen counter tops

A

contact adhesives

85
Q

Their tackiness is permanent and there is no
optimal time range when the substrates
must bejoined

A

Pressure-sensitive adhesives

86
Q

Pressure-sensitive adhesives are usually based on _________

A

elastomer and thermoplastic solvent solutions

87
Q

Alsoknownassolvent activated adhesives.

A

Reactivatable adhesives

88
Q

Used for their mechanical interlocking
ability

A

Resinous solvent adhesives

89
Q

A type of adhesive that can harden by
cooling from a melt condition.

A

Hot melt adhesives

90
Q

They are generally thermoplastic adhesives
that soften and melt when heated, and they
harden following subsequent cooling

A

Hot melt adhesives

91
Q

The difference between paste and liquid
adhesive lies mainly in _____________

A

viscosity and
method of application

92
Q

free flowing fluids that
can beapplied in thin films.

A

liquid adhesives

93
Q

heavily bodied, often
thixotropic systems that must be applied
with spreading equipment such as a trowel
or caulking gun

A

paste adhesives

94
Q

Use organic solvent to reduce viscosity for
easier application.

A

solvent-based adhesives

95
Q

Solvent-based
adhesives
may be
chemically _________, usually through the
application of a curing agent and heat

A

crosslinked

96
Q

Usually emulsions of thermoplastic resins

A

Water-based adhesives

97
Q

The water carrier is evaporated through the
air or diffused into the porous substrate.

A

Water-based adhesives

98
Q

Like solvent-based adhesives, ____________ are
formulated as contact, pressure sensitive,
reactivatable, and resinous adhesive
systems

A

Water-based adhesives

99
Q

Most widely used emulsion-based adhesive
is the

A

polyvinyl acetate-polyvinyl alcohol
copolymer (white glue or wood glue)

100
Q

Common forms of solid adhesives are

A

tape or film, powder, or solid shape forms.

101
Q

Supported on a web of paper, nonwoven
fabric, or on open weave scrim of glass
cotton or nylon.

A

Tapes or films

102
Q

Must be first heated or solvent-activated to
be madeliquidandflowable.

A

powdered adhesives

103
Q

Solid _____________ are formulated
with thermoplastic resins.

A

hot melt adhesives

104
Q

Adhesive price is dependent on

A

development costs and
volume requirements.

105
Q

Adhesives in film or powder form require more processing
than liquid or paste types and are usually

A

more expensive

106
Q

Thus, metal adhesives, wood adhesives, and vinyl adhesives
refer to the

A

substrate they will bond

107
Q

acid-resistant adhesives, heat-resistant adhesives,
and weatherable adhesives indicate the

A

environment for which each is best suited

108
Q

generally required to be applied over the entire
substrate surface, as are pressure sensitive adhesives
applied to label stock, and heat-seal coating applied
to lidding stock

A

Laminating adhesives for film and paper structures

109
Q

Coating methods include

A

roller coating, blade/knife
coating, flexo-roller and gravure cylinder

110
Q

The most relevant parameter to check on any
adhesive bond, both during pack development
and as an on-going quality check,

A

bond strength

111
Q

It is the ability of an adhesive to create a
durable and reliable bond between two
surfaces.

A

bond strength

112
Q

There are two important aspects to bond
strength:

A

the resistance of the bonded substrates to being peeled apart

resistance to the application of a shear force

113
Q

Three key factors significantly impact bond
strength

A

surface preparation, adhesive properties, and characteristics

114
Q

penetrate into surface
irregularities more effectively

A

low viscosity adhesives

115
Q

The time required for the adhesive to reach its maximum
strength affects the bond formation process.

A

cure time

116
Q

Four commonly used testing
methods for bond strenght:

A

tensile testing, shear testing,
cleavage testing, and peel testing

117
Q

This method applies a pulling force directly opposite the
bonded area, attempting to separate the materials in a
straight line.

A

tensile test

118
Q

This test applies a force parallel to the bonded area,
trying to make the materials slide past each other.

A

shear test

119
Q

determine the shear strength
of the bond, which is the force required to cause this
sliding fracture. It is useful for assessing how well a bond
resists forces that try to tear it apart sideways.

A

shear tests

120
Q

This test evaluates the bond strength by applying a force
perpendicular to the bonded interface, similar to a tensile
test.

A

cleavage test

121
Q

Peel tests are _______ tests

A

cleavage

122
Q

is the typical peel test used

A

T-peel test

123
Q

They serve many
purposes, including branding, providing instructions and
warnings, and even combating counterfeiting

A

labels

124
Q

These are the most common type of
labels.

A

self-adhesive labels

125
Q

They have a pressure-sensitive
adhesive backing that sticks to a surface
when you press it on.

A

self-adhesive labels

126
Q

These labels have an adhesive backing
that requires moisture to activate.

A

wet-glue (gummed labels)

127
Q

These labels are made of a flexible plastic
film that conforms to the shape of a container.

A

Wrap-around Film Labels

128
Q

These labels are placed directly inside
the mold during the product manufacturing
process.

A

In-mold Label

129
Q

These labels are essentially a tube of
plastic film that shrinks around a container
when heat is applied.

A

Sleeve Labels

130
Q

These labels are made from a roll of
plastic film that is die-cut into individual
shapes and then stacked.

A

Cut-and-stack Film Labels

131
Q

This printing technique involves
engraving the image onto an image
carrier, typically a copper cylinder

A

Gravure

132
Q

This method is performed using
aluminum printing plates, each holding
an image of the content to be printed

A

Offset LithographY

133
Q

fastest and
widest presses currently in operation,
ideal for high-volume printing.

A

Gravure

134
Q

Enables the brand owner to enter a
market with a minimum of waiting time
andminimizes development costs.

A

Digital printing

135
Q

It is a non-contact process, with
special ink being dispersed into very
fine droplets through a nozzle

A

ink jet printing

136
Q

combines two or more
printing techniques– commonly flexographic plus digital or flexographic plus thermal– to achieve a unique customer requirement in a cost-effective manner

A

hybrid

137
Q

This printing process involves the use
of a raised surface, usually made of
metal or polymer, with ink being
applied to the raised areas and then
transferred onto the label material.

A

Letterpress

138
Q

consists of transferring a
design, made on a stencil, using ink and a
squeegee

A

Screen process

139
Q

foil is dispensed over
the substrate against a counter plate while
using stamp to apply heat and pressure.

A

hot foil stamping

140
Q

foil is dispensed from
a roll and laid over the substrate, which has
a UV adhesive printed in the desired
pattern

A

cold foil stamping

141
Q

Primarily used for printing on
packaging materials, it is commonly
used to produce high-quality labels for
everything from plastic bags, juice
cartons, and disposable cups to even
chocolate bar wrappers

A

flexography

142
Q

A printing technique that combines
flexographic printing with ultraviolet
(UV) light curing.

A

UV Flexo

POLYMER ENG'G FINALS (3 decks)

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