Group 2 Flashcards
Formation of Lymph
ISF is collected through lymph capillaries, transported to lymph vessels then nodes, cleaned by lymhocytes and then mixed back into blood
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Returns fluid leaked out of capillaries back to blood
Stores some immune cells and transports them throughout the body
Function of Lymph Nodes
Filter lymph by providing site for leukocytes to destroy microorganisms and remove debres
Cite for lymphocyte activation
What are the Primary Lymphatic structures
Red Bone Marrow
Thymus
What do primary lymphatic structures do
Locations where immune cells are formed and mature
What are the secondary lymphatic structures
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
Mucosa
Function of secondary lymphatic structures
House immune cells
Location where immune response begins
Location of the Thymus
Mediastinum - posterior to sternum
Function of Thymus
Site of T cell maturation
Function of Spleen
Filters out old blood cells and platelets
Additional site for lymphocyte acvtivation
Location of spleen
Left of the stomach
Location of tonsils
Form a ring around pharynx
Function of tonsils
Provide immune surveillance for substances that pass through the pharynx
Functions of the respiratory system
Supply the body with oxygen and eliminate CO2
Structures in upper respiratory tract
Nose and Nasal Cavity
Pharynx
Larynx
Structures in lower respiratory tract
Lungs
Bronchi, Bronchioles, Alveoli
Trachea
Conducting zone
Portion of the respiratory anatomy that provides a channel for air movement
Respiratory Zone
Sites of external respiration (diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood)
Functions of respiratory mucosa
Cleans and protects air passages by trapping bacteria and debris
Tissues associated with respiratory mucosa
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with interspersed goblet cells
Function of olfactory mucosa
contains smell receptors
Function of the Larynx
Provide a patent airway
Voice production
Allow increase in abdominal pressure
Epiglottis diverts food away from airway
Functions of Pharynx
Part of digestive system
Airway
Connects nasal and oral cavities
Valsalva Maneuver
Forceful attempted exhalation against a closed airway
Close mouth and nose while pressing out as if blowing up a balloon
Layers of Trachea
Mucosa-Innermost layer (Pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
Submucosa
Hyaline Cartilage
Adventitia-Outermost layer
Function of the Trachea
Connects the larynx to the bronchi (Airway to and from lungs)
What makes up the brachial tree
Bronchi (3 types)
Bronchioles
Alveoli
3 Types of bronchi
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Structural difference in left and right bronchi
Right primary bronchi is more horizontal (most likely place to choke)
Function of Type 1 Alveoli
Diffusion/structural cells
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Function of Type 2 Alveoli
Produce surfactant (Lubricant)
Different Alveoli
Type 1
Type 2
Function of Surfactant
Lubricates and reduces surface tension within each alveolus, preventing alveolar collapse
What are alveoli
Small air sacs of the lungs
Boyles Law
Describes the volume and pressure relationship of a gas
* AS VOLUME INCREASES, PRESSURE DECREASES (&VISE VERSA)
During Inspiration
Phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm causing it to contract and flatten. This enlongates and enlargens the thoracic cavity. External intercoastals also contract causing ribs to elevate enlarging thoracic cavity
During Expiration
The diaphragm relaxes and returns to its normal domed shape. The thoracic cavity wall returns to its resting position and smaller diameter. elastic tissue of the lungs reduces the previously expanded shape of the lung.
Boyles law inspiration
Volume increases inside the lungs, pressure decreases inside the lungs. Air moves from the atmosphere into the lungs (down pressure gradient)
Boyles law expiration
As volume inside the lungs decreases, pressur einside the lungs increases, causing gas to flow out of the lungs and respiratory tract into the atmosphere.
Spirometer
An instrument used to measure the amount of air exchanged in breathing
Total Lung Capacity
Maximum amount of air contained in the lungs after a maximum inspiratory effect (sum of all lung volumes)
Vital Capacity
Total amount of exchangable air
Tidal Volume
Amount of air inhaled of exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
Residual Volume
Air that remains in lungs after most forceful expiration
Respiratory control centers
Medulla Oblongata/Pons
Hypothalamus
Cerebral Cortex
Medulla Oblongata/Pons effect of repiration
Involuntary
Hypothalamus effect on respiration
Temperature
Cerebral Cortex effect on respiration
Voluntary
Influence of CO2 on pH
As CO2 accumulates in the blood, pH decreases
- Increasing ventilation decreases plasma CO2 partial pressure, shifts the chemical equilibrium to the left and reduces plasma H+ (Elevating pH)
- Decreasing ventilation, increases plasma CO2 partial pressure, shifts chemical equilibrium to the right and increases plasma H+ (Decreasing pH)
Components of respiratory membrane
Alveolar epithelial and pulonary capillary endothelial
Gas exchange across membrane - diffuseion of oxygen into and CO2 out of the blood
Transportation of CO2 and O2 EXTERNAL GAS EXCHANGE
Oxygen moves into capillaries from lungs
Transportation of CO2 and O2 RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
CO2 moves into the lungs from capillaries
Transportation of O2 and CO2 INTERNAL GAS EXCHANGE
CO2 moves into blood from tissues
Transportation of O2 and CO2 CAPILLARY MEMBRANE
O2 moves into tissue from capillaries
Muscles involved with inspiration
Diaphragm
External Intercoastals
Muscles involved with passive (quiet) expiration
External Intercoastals (Relaxing) Diaphragm (relaxing and returning to resting shape)
Muscles involved with Forced Expiration
Internal Intercoastals contract
Abdominals Contract
Diaphragm
Pressure during inhalation
Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure
Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure
Pressure during Exhalation
Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than Atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure
Pressure during transition of inhalation and exhalation
Intrapulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure and greater than intrapleural pressure
Pressure during pneumothorax (Lung collapse)
ABNORMAL
Intrapleural pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure
4 phases of respiration
Pulmonary Ventilation
External Respiration
Respiratory Gastransport
Internal Respiration
Pulmonary Ventilation
Process of moving air into and out of the lungs to change and refresh gas in lungs
External Respiration
Process of exchanging gas between blood and alveoli
Respiratory Gastransport
Transport of CO2 and O2 to and from the lungs and tissues of the body by way of the cardiovascular system
Internal Respiration
Gas exchanges made between blood and tissue cells
