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GAP Lecture Exam Unit 4 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the circulatory system

A 
BLOOD -Transportation
              -Regulation 
              -Protection
LYMPH-Fluid Balance
             -Immunity
HEART-Pump Blood
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2
Q

Define Perfusion

A

The passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or tissue

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3
Q

Describe the location of the heart

A

Mediastinum
2/3 of the heart is on the left side behind sternum
sits in the cardiac notch of the left lung

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4
Q

Blood Transportation

A

Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, waste and hormones throughout body

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5
Q

Blood Regulation

A

Regulates body temp by absorbing and distributing heat
Regulates pH via biocarbinate buffer system
Regulates fluid balance by exchange of water with ISF

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6
Q

Blood Protection

A

White blood cells destroy pathogens in blood

Clotting prevents loss of blood

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7
Q

Layers of the Pericardium

A

Pericardial sac(1)
Fibrous Pericardium (2)
Parietal Serous Pericardium (3)
Visceral Serous Pericardium(4)

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8
Q

Layers of the Heart Wall

A

Endocardium(6)
Myocardium(5)
Epicardium(4)

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9
Q

Which layer of the heart wall is the same layer as the pericardium

A

Visceral Serous and Epicardium are the same layer, just have different names depending on if youre referring to the heart wall of the pericardium

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10
Q

Relative size of right and left ventricles?

Reason for size difference?

A

Left ventricle is larger than Right because right ventricle pumps blood only to the lungs but left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body and against gravity

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11
Q

Vessels connected to Right ventricle

A

Pulmonary truck (carries deoxygenated blood)

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12
Q

Vessels connected to Right atrium

A

Superior Vena Cava (deoxygenated blood)
Inferior Vena Cava (deoxygenated blood)
Coronary sinus (deoxygenated blood)

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13
Q

Vessels connected to left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins (oxygenated)

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14
Q

Vessels connected to left ventricle

A

Aorta (oxygenated blood to rest of body)

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15
Q

Circulation of blood (Start with L Ventricle)

A 
Left Ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Systemic Capillaries
Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
pulmonary capillaries
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
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16
Q

Function and location of Right and Left AV Valves (Tri/Bicuspid)

A

Prevent backflow from ventricles into atriums
Tricuspid is found between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid is found between left atrium and ventricle

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17
Q

Function and location of Semilunar valves

A

Aortic-found between left ventricle and aorta

Pulmonic-found between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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18
Q

Components of Systemic circulation

A

Begins with oxygenated blood that is ejected into aorta from left ventricle
Ends as deoxygenated blood is returned to right atrium by the vena cava

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19
Q

Components of Pulmonary circulation

A

Begins with deoxygenated blood that is ejected into the pulmonary trunk from right ventricle
Ends as oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium by pulmonary veins

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20
Q

Cause of normal heart sounds

A

It is the sound of AV valvles closing (S1 Lub)

and Semilunar valves closing (S2 Dub)

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21
Q

What is the natural pacemaker of the heart

A

SA Node

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22
Q

Location of the cardiac center in the brain

A

Medulla Oblongata

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23
Q

Autorhythmicity of the heart

A

It generates its own rhythm and beats on its own

Involuntary and no external stimuli

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24
Q

Components of Intrinsic conduction system

A 
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of HIS
Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
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25
Q

Function of SA Node

A

Natural Pacemaker

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26
Q

Function of AV Node

A

Hearts electrical system

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27
Q

Function of Bundle of HIS

A

Transports impulses from AV Node

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28
Q

Function of Bundle Branches

A

Directs impulses to left and right ventricles

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29
Q

Function of Purkinje Fibers

A

Signals end here causing lower chambers of heart to contract

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30
Q

Differences in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle

A

SKELETAL-voluntary

CARDIAC-involuntary

            - Intercalated discs
            - Gap Junctions
            - Desmosomes
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31
Q

What are intercalated discs made of

A

Gap juntions and desmosomes

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32
Q

Function of intercalated discs

A

Support synchronized heart contraction

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33
Q

Function of gap junctions

A

direct transmission of depolarizing current so cells contract in unison

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34
Q

Function of desmosomes

A

Stop separating during contraction by binding filaments

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35
Q

What is an arrhythmia

A

Improper beating of the heart

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36
Q

What is fibrillation

A

Irregular, often rapid, heart rate that commonly causes poor blood flow

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37
Q

Sympathetic impact on HR

A

Accelerate heart rate (Adrenaline)

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38
Q

Parasympathetic impact on HR

A

Slows HR (Acetylcholine)

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39
Q

Systole

A

Pressure during ventricular contraction

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40
Q

Diastole

A

Pressure during ventricular relaxation

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41
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from the heart (Usually oxygenated)

Higher pressure vessels

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42
Q

Veins

A

Carry blood to the heart (Usually deoxygenated)

Lower pressure vessels

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43
Q

Layers of Blood Vessels

A

Tunica Externa
Tunica Media
Tunica Interna (Endothelium)
Lumen

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44
Q

Tunica Externa

A

Outermost layer containing collegen to reinforce walls of blood vessels

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45
Q

Tunica Media

A

Middle layer with smooth muscles

Sympathetic control of smooth muscle changes size of lumen, altering flow and pressure

46
Q

Tunica Interna

A

Innermost layer of simple squamous tissue

Lines ALL Blood vessels, touches lumen

47
Q

Lumen

A

Space inside vessels that blood flows through

sypathetic control of smooth muscle changes size of lumen altering flow and pressure

48
Q

Blood Vessels- List in order

A 
Elastic Arteries
Muscular Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Small Veins
Veins
49
Q

Function of Capillaries

A

Site of exchange of gases and nutrients

50
Q

Structural differences between arteries and veins

A

ARTERIES- Thicker tunica media
-More narrow lumen
VEINS - Thicker Tunica Externa
- Larger Lumen

51
Q

Fetal Shunts

A

Ductus Arteriosus
Foramen Ovale
Ductus Venosus

52
Q

Function of Ductus Arteriosus

A

Bypasses lungs and Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta

53
Q

Function of Forament Ovale

A

Bypasses lungs and connects right atrium to left atrium

54
Q

Function of Ductus Venosus

A

Bypasses liver and Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava

55
Q

Functions of Blood

A

Transportation
Regulation
Protection

56
Q

Color of normal blood

A 
Bright red (Oxygenated)
Dark Red (Deoxygenated)
57
Q

Normal pH of blood

A

7.35-7.45

58
Q

Normal Temp of blood

A

100.4 F / 38 C

59
Q

Normal volume of blood

A

proportional to tissue mass
5-6 L avg. Men
4-5 L avg. Female

60
Q

What are the 3 layers of centrifuged blood

A

Plasma
Buffy coat
Erythrocytes/Hematocrit

61
Q

How much of a centrifuged sample is made of plasma

A

55%

62
Q

Contents of Buffy coat

A

Leukocytes and platelets (1% of sample)

63
Q

Contents of Erythrocytes/Hematocrit

A

Red blood cells(45% of sample)

64
Q

Define Hematocrit

A

The percent of blood volume made up erythrocytes (RBCs)

65
Q

Cellular components of blood

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets

66
Q

Average amount of Erythocytes in blood

A

4-6 million/mm3

67
Q

Average amount of Leukocytes in blood

A

5,000-10,000/mm3

68
Q

Average amount of platelets in blood

A

150,000-400,000/mm3

69
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A 
Neutrophils
Lymphacytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
70
Q

How to remember Leukocytes

A 
Never
Let 
Monkeys
Eat
Bananas
71
Q

What percent of leukocytes do Neutrophils make up

A

60%

72
Q

What percent of leukocytes do lymphocytes make up

A

25%

73
Q

What percent of leukocytes do monocytes make up

A

4-8%

74
Q

What percent of leukocytes do Eosinophils make up

A

2-4%

75
Q

What percent of leukocytes do Basophils make up

A

less than 1%

76
Q

Components of plasma

A

90% Water
Albumins(58%)
Globulins(37%)
Fibrinogen(4%)

77
Q

What percent of plasma is Albumins

A

58%

78
Q

What percent of plasma is Globulins

A

37%

79
Q

What percent of plasma is Fibrinogen

A

4%

80
Q

Colliod Osmotic Pressure

A

Plasma proteins are important for retaining water in the blood by creating osmotic pressure

81
Q

Serum

A

Protein rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates

82
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

Formation of RBC

83
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Formation of WBC

84
Q

Thromopoiesis

A

Formation of platelets

85
Q

Where are ALL blood cells formed

A

Red Bone Marrow

86
Q

Neutrophils function

A

Attack and destroy bacterial cells by engulfing

87
Q

Lymphocytes function

A

T cells attack infected cells

B cells release antibodies

88
Q

Monocytes Function

A

Exit blood into tissue and become macrophages

89
Q

Eosinophils Function

A

Destroy parasitic worms

Dampen allergic reactions

90
Q

Basophils Function

A 
Release histamine (Increase inflammation)
Release Heparin (Anticoagulant)
91
Q

Platelets Function

A

Important in blood clotting

92
Q

Granular WBC

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

93
Q

Agranular WBC

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

94
Q

Life span of erythrocytes

A

120 days approx.

95
Q

Difference between granular and agranular

A

Granular cells look grainey

96
Q

Which organ releases Erythropoietin

A

Kidneys

97
Q

Function of the hormone Erythropoietin

A

Regulates Erythropoiesis

98
Q

Polycythemia

A

High RBC count

Increases viscosity of blood which makes it harder to pump

99
Q

Anemia

A

Low RBC count

Decreases ability to transport oxygen

100
Q

Normal WBC range

A

5,000-10,000/ mm3

THIS INCREASES DURING INFECTION

101
Q

Leukocytosis

A

High level of WBC in blood

102
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low level of WBC in blood

103
Q

Stages of hemostasis

A

Vasospasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation

104
Q

When does vasospasm happen

A

Immediately after injury

105
Q

When does Platelet Plug Formation happen

A

30 seconds to 1 minute after injury

106
Q

When does Coagulation happen

A

3 minutes to 6 minutes after injury

107
Q

Role of platelets

A

Inportant in blood clotting

108
Q

Where do platelets come from

A

Formed by breaking off pieces of cells known as megakaryocytes

109
Q

What are clotting disorders called

A

hemophilia

110
Q

Two types of hemophilia

A

Thrombus

Embolus

111
Q

Thrombus

A

Inappropriate clot in an undamaged vessel

112
Q

Embolus

A

Thrombus that travels elsewhere in the body

GAP Lecture Exam Unit 4 (2 decks)

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