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GAP Lecture Exam Unit 4 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the circulatory system

A 
BLOOD -Transportation
              -Regulation 
              -Protection
LYMPH-Fluid Balance
             -Immunity
HEART-Pump Blood
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2
Q

Define Perfusion

A

The passage of fluid through the circulatory system or lymphatic system to an organ or tissue

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3
Q

Describe the location of the heart

A

Mediastinum
2/3 of the heart is on the left side behind sternum
sits in the cardiac notch of the left lung

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4
Q

Blood Transportation

A

Transports respiratory gases, nutrients, waste and hormones throughout body

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5
Q

Blood Regulation

A

Regulates body temp by absorbing and distributing heat
Regulates pH via biocarbinate buffer system
Regulates fluid balance by exchange of water with ISF

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6
Q

Blood Protection

A

White blood cells destroy pathogens in blood

Clotting prevents loss of blood

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7
Q

Layers of the Pericardium

A

Pericardial sac(1)
Fibrous Pericardium (2)
Parietal Serous Pericardium (3)
Visceral Serous Pericardium(4)

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8
Q

Layers of the Heart Wall

A

Endocardium(6)
Myocardium(5)
Epicardium(4)

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9
Q

Which layer of the heart wall is the same layer as the pericardium

A

Visceral Serous and Epicardium are the same layer, just have different names depending on if youre referring to the heart wall of the pericardium

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10
Q

Relative size of right and left ventricles?

Reason for size difference?

A

Left ventricle is larger than Right because right ventricle pumps blood only to the lungs but left ventricle pumps blood to the entire body and against gravity

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11
Q

Vessels connected to Right ventricle

A

Pulmonary truck (carries deoxygenated blood)

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12
Q

Vessels connected to Right atrium

A

Superior Vena Cava (deoxygenated blood)
Inferior Vena Cava (deoxygenated blood)
Coronary sinus (deoxygenated blood)

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13
Q

Vessels connected to left atrium

A

Pulmonary veins (oxygenated)

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14
Q

Vessels connected to left ventricle

A

Aorta (oxygenated blood to rest of body)

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15
Q

Circulation of blood (Start with L Ventricle)

A 
Left Ventricle
Aortic valve
Aorta
Systemic Capillaries
Vena Cava
Right Atrium
Tricuspid
Right Ventricle
Pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
pulmonary capillaries
lungs
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
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16
Q

Function and location of Right and Left AV Valves (Tri/Bicuspid)

A

Prevent backflow from ventricles into atriums
Tricuspid is found between right atrium and ventricle
Bicuspid is found between left atrium and ventricle

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17
Q

Function and location of Semilunar valves

A

Aortic-found between left ventricle and aorta

Pulmonic-found between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

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18
Q

Components of Systemic circulation

A

Begins with oxygenated blood that is ejected into aorta from left ventricle
Ends as deoxygenated blood is returned to right atrium by the vena cava

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19
Q

Components of Pulmonary circulation

A

Begins with deoxygenated blood that is ejected into the pulmonary trunk from right ventricle
Ends as oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium by pulmonary veins

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20
Q

Cause of normal heart sounds

A

It is the sound of AV valvles closing (S1 Lub)

and Semilunar valves closing (S2 Dub)

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21
Q

What is the natural pacemaker of the heart

A

SA Node

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22
Q

Location of the cardiac center in the brain

A

Medulla Oblongata

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23
Q

Autorhythmicity of the heart

A

It generates its own rhythm and beats on its own

Involuntary and no external stimuli

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24
Q

Components of Intrinsic conduction system

A 
SA Node
AV Node
Bundle of HIS
Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers
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25
Function of SA Node
Natural Pacemaker
26
Function of AV Node
Hearts electrical system
27
Function of Bundle of HIS
Transports impulses from AV Node
28
Function of Bundle Branches
Directs impulses to left and right ventricles
29
Function of Purkinje Fibers
Signals end here causing lower chambers of heart to contract
30
Differences in Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle
SKELETAL-voluntary CARDIAC-involuntary - Intercalated discs - Gap Junctions - Desmosomes
31
What are intercalated discs made of
Gap juntions and desmosomes
32
Function of intercalated discs
Support synchronized heart contraction
33
Function of gap junctions
direct transmission of depolarizing current so cells contract in unison
34
Function of desmosomes
Stop separating during contraction by binding filaments
35
What is an arrhythmia
Improper beating of the heart
36
What is fibrillation
Irregular, often rapid, heart rate that commonly causes poor blood flow
37
Sympathetic impact on HR
Accelerate heart rate (Adrenaline)
38
Parasympathetic impact on HR
Slows HR (Acetylcholine)
39
Systole
Pressure during ventricular contraction
40
Diastole
Pressure during ventricular relaxation
41
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart (Usually oxygenated) | Higher pressure vessels
42
Veins
Carry blood to the heart (Usually deoxygenated) | Lower pressure vessels
43
Layers of Blood Vessels
Tunica Externa Tunica Media Tunica Interna (Endothelium) Lumen
44
Tunica Externa
Outermost layer containing collegen to reinforce walls of blood vessels
45
Tunica Media
Middle layer with smooth muscles | Sympathetic control of smooth muscle changes size of lumen, altering flow and pressure
46
Tunica Interna
Innermost layer of simple squamous tissue | Lines ALL Blood vessels, touches lumen
47
Lumen
Space inside vessels that blood flows through | sypathetic control of smooth muscle changes size of lumen altering flow and pressure
48
Blood Vessels- List in order
``` Elastic Arteries Muscular Arteries Arterioles Capillaries Venules Small Veins Veins ```
49
Function of Capillaries
Site of exchange of gases and nutrients
50
Structural differences between arteries and veins
ARTERIES- Thicker tunica media -More narrow lumen VEINS - Thicker Tunica Externa - Larger Lumen
51
Fetal Shunts
Ductus Arteriosus Foramen Ovale Ductus Venosus
52
Function of Ductus Arteriosus
Bypasses lungs and Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta
53
Function of Forament Ovale
Bypasses lungs and connects right atrium to left atrium
54
Function of Ductus Venosus
Bypasses liver and Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava
55
Functions of Blood
Transportation Regulation Protection
56
Color of normal blood
``` Bright red (Oxygenated) Dark Red (Deoxygenated) ```
57
Normal pH of blood
7.35-7.45
58
Normal Temp of blood
100.4 F / 38 C
59
Normal volume of blood
proportional to tissue mass 5-6 L avg. Men 4-5 L avg. Female
60
What are the 3 layers of centrifuged blood
Plasma Buffy coat Erythrocytes/Hematocrit
61
How much of a centrifuged sample is made of plasma
55%
62
Contents of Buffy coat
Leukocytes and platelets (1% of sample)
63
Contents of Erythrocytes/Hematocrit
Red blood cells(45% of sample)
64
Define Hematocrit
The percent of blood volume made up erythrocytes (RBCs)
65
Cellular components of blood
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets
66
Average amount of Erythocytes in blood
4-6 million/mm3
67
Average amount of Leukocytes in blood
5,000-10,000/mm3
68
Average amount of platelets in blood
150,000-400,000/mm3
69
Types of Leukocytes
``` Neutrophils Lymphacytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils ```
70
How to remember Leukocytes
``` Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas ```
71
What percent of leukocytes do Neutrophils make up
60%
72
What percent of leukocytes do lymphocytes make up
25%
73
What percent of leukocytes do monocytes make up
4-8%
74
What percent of leukocytes do Eosinophils make up
2-4%
75
What percent of leukocytes do Basophils make up
less than 1%
76
Components of plasma
90% Water Albumins(58%) Globulins(37%) Fibrinogen(4%)
77
What percent of plasma is Albumins
58%
78
What percent of plasma is Globulins
37%
79
What percent of plasma is Fibrinogen
4%
80
Colliod Osmotic Pressure
Plasma proteins are important for retaining water in the blood by creating osmotic pressure
81
Serum
Protein rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates
82
Erythropoiesis
Formation of RBC
83
Leukopoiesis
Formation of WBC
84
Thromopoiesis
Formation of platelets
85
Where are ALL blood cells formed
Red Bone Marrow
86
Neutrophils function
Attack and destroy bacterial cells by engulfing
87
Lymphocytes function
T cells attack infected cells | B cells release antibodies
88
Monocytes Function
Exit blood into tissue and become macrophages
89
Eosinophils Function
Destroy parasitic worms | Dampen allergic reactions
90
Basophils Function
``` Release histamine (Increase inflammation) Release Heparin (Anticoagulant) ```
91
Platelets Function
Important in blood clotting
92
Granular WBC
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils
93
Agranular WBC
Lymphocytes | Monocytes
94
Life span of erythrocytes
120 days approx.
95
Difference between granular and agranular
Granular cells look grainey
96
Which organ releases Erythropoietin
Kidneys
97
Function of the hormone Erythropoietin
Regulates Erythropoiesis
98
Polycythemia
High RBC count | Increases viscosity of blood which makes it harder to pump
99
Anemia
Low RBC count | Decreases ability to transport oxygen
100
Normal WBC range
5,000-10,000/ mm3 | *THIS INCREASES DURING INFECTION*
101
Leukocytosis
High level of WBC in blood
102
Leukopenia
Low level of WBC in blood
103
Stages of hemostasis
Vasospasm Platelet plug formation Coagulation
104
When does vasospasm happen
Immediately after injury
105
When does Platelet Plug Formation happen
30 seconds to 1 minute after injury
106
When does Coagulation happen
3 minutes to 6 minutes after injury
107
Role of platelets
Inportant in blood clotting
108
Where do platelets come from
Formed by breaking off pieces of cells known as megakaryocytes
109
What are clotting disorders called
hemophilia
110
Two types of hemophilia
Thrombus | Embolus
111
Thrombus
Inappropriate clot in an undamaged vessel
112
Embolus
Thrombus that travels elsewhere in the body

GAP Lecture Exam Unit 4 (2 decks)

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