Group 2 Flashcards
She is known as the “Science of the Unitary Human Beings”.
Who is this?
Martha Rogers
- Nursing is both science and art.
- Nursing long established the concern with people and the world they live in.
- Irreducible nature of individuals different from sum of the parts.
- The purpose of nurse is to promote health and well-being for all the person’s wherever they are.
Martha Rogers’ Nursing Theory
What are the 5 Assumption of the Theory of Martha Rogers?
- Wholeness
- Openness
- Unidirectionality
- Pattern and Organization
- Sensation and Thought
REMEMBER THE ACRONYM WOUPS
Human being is considered as a united whole.
Wholeness
A person and his environment are continuously changing matter and energy with each other.
Openness
Life process of human being evolves irreversibly and unidirectional.
Unidirectionality
Pattern identifies individuals and reflects their innovative wholeness.
Pattern and Organisation
Humans are the only organisms able to think, imagine, have language and emotions.
Sensation and thought
What are the 4 Concepts of Rogers’ Model?
- Energy field
- Openness
- Pattern
- Pan dimensionality
REMEMBER THE ACRONYM EOPP
- “The fundamental unit of the living and the non living”.
- Energy signifies the dynamic nature of field; field is in continuous motion and is infinite.
- Both humans and their environment are conceptualized as energy fields in the system.
- Because both are infinite, their boundaries do not end at physical world.
Energy field
The human being and the environment are constantly exchanging their energy. There are no boundaries or barriers that inhibit energy flow between fields.
Openness
- It is defined as distinguishing characteristic of energy field perceived as a single wave. It is an abstraction and gives identity to the field.
- Each human being has a unique identifiable pattern. The nature of pattern changes continuously, innovatively and these changes give identity to the energy field.
Pattern
- It is defined as non linear domain without spatial or temporal attributes.
- It refers to an infinite domain without limits; making it possible to perceive reality beyond three dimensions.
- Human and environmental energy fields are pan dimensional.
Pan dimensionality
What are the 3 Principles of Homeodynamics?
- Integrity
- Resonance
- Helicy
REMEMBER THE ACRONYM IRH
- This principle is defined as continuous mutual human field and environmental field process.
- There is an ongoing mutual process between human being and the environment.
Integrality
- This principle is defined as the continuous change from lower to higher frequency wave pattern in human and environmental fields.
- Human Beings are perceived as wave patterns, and a variety of life patterns can be likened to wave patterns.
- These include things such as sleep-wake rhythms, hormone levels and fluctuating emotional states.
Resonance
- It describes the unpredictable, but continuous, non-linear evolution of energy fields as evidenced by nonrepeating rhythmicities.
- Human development is not static, and humans do not ever return to exactly the same place where they were before. Unitary persons do not ever go backward in their environment.
Helicy
The 4 Metaparadigms in Nursing.
Paulit ulit sa iba’t ibang report hakdog.
- Person
- Environment
- Health
- Nursing
REMEMBER THE ACRONYM PEHN
A unitary human being is an irreducible, indivisible, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and manifesting characteristics that are specific to the whole and which cannot be predicted from knowledge of the parts and a unified whole having its own distinctive characteristics which cannot be perceived by looking at, describing or, summarizing the parts.
Person (Unitary human being)
The environment is an irreducible, pandimensional energy field identified by pattern and integral with the human field. The fields coexist and are integral. Manifestation emerge from this field and are perceived.
Environment
Rogers defined health as an expression of the life process. It is the characteristics and behavior coming from the mutual, simultaneous interaction of the human and environment fields, and health and illness are part of the same continuum. The multiple events occurring during the life process show the extent to which a person is achieving his or her maximum health potential.
Health
Two dimensional; independent science of nursing
- An organized body of knowledge which is specific to nursing is arrived at by scientific research and logical analysis.
- Art of nursing practice:
- The creative use of science for the betterment of the human.
- The creative use of its knowledge is the art of its practice.
Nursing
She is one of the “foremost nursing Theorist”.
Dorothea Orem
- “There are instances wherein patients are ENCOURAGED TO BRING OUT THE BEST IN THEM” despite being ill for a period of time. This is very particular in rehabilitation settings in which PATIENTS ARE ENTITLED TO BE MORE INDEPENDENT after being cared for by physicians and nurses.
- It is considered a GRAND NURSING THEORY which means the theory covers a brief scope with general concepts that can be applied to all instances of nursing.
SELF-CARE THEORY
Orem’s theory defined _______ as “The act of assisting others in the provision and management of self-care to maintain or improve human functioning at home level of effectiveness”.
Nursing
It focused on each individual’s ability to perform ________, which is defined as
“The practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being.”
Self-care
Practices of activities that individuals initiates and perform on their own behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being.
A. Self-Care
B. Self Care Agency
C. Therapeutic Self Care Demand
A. Self-Care
Ability to perform self-care activity. Conditioned by age developmental state, life experience, sociocultural orientation.
A. Self-Care
B. Self Care Agency
C. Therapeutic Self Care Demand
B. Self Care Agency
Totality of self care actions to be performed for some duration in order to meet self care requisites.
AGENCY = DEMAND
A. Self-Care
B. Self Care Agency
C. Therapeutic Self Care Demand
C. Therapeutic Self Care Demand
Action directed towards provision of self-care
A. Self Care
B. Self Care Requisites
C. Self Care Agency
B. Self Care Requisites
What are the 3 Types of Self-Care Requisites?
- Universal Self Care Requisites
- Developmental Self Care Requisites (Age group)
- Health Deviation Self Care Requisites (May sakit na)
Common to all, needs that all people have.
- Water, air, food
- Provision of care associated with elimination process.
- Balance between activity and rest, between solitude and interaction
- Prevention of hazards to human life well being and promotion of human functioning.
Universal Self Care Requisites
Needs associated with developmental processes / derived from a condition or associated with an event.
- Adjusting to a new job for adults
- Adjusting to body changes during puberty
Developmental Self Care Requisites
Required in conditions of illness, injury, or disease.
- Seeking and securing appropriate medical assistance.
- Being aware of and attending to the effects and results of pathologic conditions.
- Effective carrying out medically prescribed measures.
- Learning to live with effects of pathologic conditions.
Health Deviation Self Care Requisites
It is a complex property or attribute of people educated and trained as nurses that enables them to act, to know, and to help others meet their therapeutic self-care demands by exercising or developing their own self-care agency. Meaning, our goal is to teach the patient to be INDEPENDENT.
Nursing Agency
Specific when nursing is needed because the person cannot carry out self-care activities.
- Nursing is required when an adult (or in the case of a dependent, the parent) is incapable of limited in the providing of continuous effective self-care.
A. Theory of Nursing System
B. Theory of Self Care Deficit
B. Theory of Self Care Deficit
FAMILIARIZE ONLY!
Orem identifies 5 methods of helping.
What are these?
- Acting for and doing for others
- Guiding others
- Support another
- Providing an environment promoting personal development in relation to meet future demands
- Teaching another
Describes how the patient’s self care needs will be met by the nurse, the patient, or both.
A. Theory of Nursing System
B. Theory of Self Care Deficit
A. Theory of Nursing System
What are the 3 Classification of nursing system to meet the self care requisite of the patient?
- Wholly Compensatory
- Partly Compensatory
- Supportive - Educative System
- If patient is still DEPENDENT
- Nurses will accomplish ALL the patient’s therapeutic self-care.
Example: Care of a newborn, care for client recovering from surgery (post-anesthesia care unit)
A. Wholly Compensatory
B. Partly Compensatory
C. Supportive - Educative System
A. Wholly Compensatory
- Patient can meet SOME needs.
- Both the nurse and the patient engage in meeting self-care needs.
Examples: Nurse can assist post-operative client to ambulate, Nurse can bring a meal tray for client who can feed himself.
A. Wholly Compensatory
B. Partly Compensatory
C. Supportive - Educative System
B. Partly Compensatory
- Patient CAN MEET self care requisite, but needs assistance with decision making or knowledge.
Example: Nurse guides a mother how to breastfeed her baby.
A. Wholly Compensatory
B. Partly Compensatory
C. Supportive - Educative System
C. Supportive - Educative System
- It emphasizes the need to understand the importance of self-care promotion of health.
- Focus on the patient’s capacity to perform self-care activities.
- It also becomes clear that nurses today should not move away education and supportive measures - HEALTH TEACHINGS.
Application of Orem’s Theory
According to her, “Theory is an abstraction that implies prediction based in research. Theory without research and research without some theoretical basis will not build scientific knowledge for a discipline.”
Imogene King
- She was one of the Pioneers and Most Sought Nursing Theorist for her Theory of Goal Attainment.
- Her theory describes a dynamic, interpersonal relationship in which a person grows and develops to attain certain life goals.
Imogene King
- First introduced in the 1960’s.
- A middle-range theory based on her conceptual system (1960’s)
- Focuses on the attainment of certain life goals.
- The basic concept of the theory is that the nurse and patient communicate information, set goals together, and then take actions to achieve those goals.
- It describes an interpersonal relationship that allows a person to grow and develop in order to attain certain life goals. The factors that affect the attainment of goals are roles, stress, space, and time.
Goal Attainment Theory
What are the 3 Interacting Systems of Imogene King Conceptual System?
- Personal System
- Interpersonal System
- Social System
FAMILIARIZE ONLY!
Propositions of King’s Theory
- If perceptual interaction is present in nurse-client interactions, transaction will occur.
- If nurse and client make transaction, goal will be attained.
- If goals are attained, satisfaction will occur in nurses and patients.
- If transactions are made in nurse-client interactions, growth and development will be enhanced.
- If role expectations and role performance as perceived by nurse and clients are congruent, transaction will occur.
- If role conflict is experienced by nurse or client or both, stress in nurse-client interaction will occur.
- If nurse with social knowledge and skills communicate and appropriate information to client, mutual goal setting and goal Attainment will occur.
- If goals Attainment is achieved there is decreased stress and anxiety in nursing situations.
- Her nursing theory views each patient as a complex system that interacts with their environment.
- She is known as the Neuman Systems Model (NSM)
- She developed another model which aimed more broadly at the teachings and practice of nursing. Originally presented in an article entitled “A Model for Teaching Total Person Approach to Patient Problems” (Nursing Research, 21 May-June 1972).
- Betty Neuman’s system model (Better Neuman’s Theory) aims to attain optimal client system wellness in nursing. It focuses on the patient system’s response to actual or potential environmental stressors. The unique duplication of nursing assessment information is prevented. Despite its weaknesses, the model is widely used by different disciplines.
Betty Neuman
- It highlights how different stressors physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, spiritual, can impact a person’s health. It is generally subjective and can be interpreted as the circumstances of conceivably threatening and out of their control.
- It is based on the person’s relationship to stress, response, and reconstitution factors that are progressive in nature.
- It focuses on the patient system’s response to actual or potential environmental stressors and maintains the client system’s stability through primary, secondary, and tertiary nursing prevention interventions to reduce stressors.
Betty Neuman’s Nursing Theory
It views the client as an open system that responds to stressors in the environment. The client variables are physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual.
Neuman Systems Model
Nursing interventions occur through three prevention modalities.
What are these?
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
It occurs before the stressor invades the system.
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
A. Primary prevention
It occurs after the system has reacted to an invading stressor.
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
It occurs after secondary prevention as reconstitution is being established.
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
There are 4 Major Components in Betty Neuman’s Nursing Theory.
What are these?
- Open Systems
- Stressors
- Lines of Defense
- Preventive Interventions
Betty Neuman’s Nursing Theory views each patient as a complex system that interacts with their environment. These systems include five components: physiological, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual. This helps nurses consider all dimensions of a patient’s life when planning and delivering care.
A. Open System
B. Stressors
C. Lines of Defense
D. Preventive Interventions
A. Open System
The Stressors has 3 parts. What are these?
- Intrapersonal stressors
- Interpersonal stressors
- Extra-personal stressors
It includes internal factors such as thoughts, emotions, and physiological responses that can impact a person’s health and stability.
A. Intrapersonal Stressors
B. Interpersonal Stressors
C. Extra-personal stressors
A. Intrapersonal Stressors
It comes from interactions between people. These include conflicts, pressure to balance multiple roles (such as being a parent and having a full time job), and social expectations.
A. Intrapersonal Stressors
B. Interpersonal Stressors
C. Extra-personal stressors
B. Interpersonal Stressors
It includes outside factors that are beyond one’s control, such as natural disasters, economic downfalls, or workplace safety issues.
A. Intrapersonal Stressors
B. Interpersonal Stressors
C. Extra-personal stressors
C. Extra-personal stressors
The lines of Defense which is one of the major components of Betty Neumans nursing theory has 3 parts. What are these?
- Normal line of defense
- Flexible line of defense
- Line of resistance
This represents the client’s usual state of health or what they consider their stability.
A. Normal line of defense
B. Flexible line of defense
C. Line of resistance
A. Normal line of defense
This outer layer adapts to new stressors and acts as a buffer to protect the normal line of defense, trying to keep the system balanced.
A. Normal line of defense
B. Flexible line of defense
C. Line of resistance
B. Flexible line of defense
These deeper layers represent the internal factors that help the patient defend against a stressor.
A. Normal line of defense
B. Flexible line of defense
C. Line of resistance
C. Line of resistance
Preventive Interventions which is also one of the major components of Betty Neuman’s nursing theory has also 3 parts. What are these?
- Primary prevention
- Secondary prevention
- Tertiary prevention
Taking proactive measures to avoid stress before it affects the system.
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
A. Primary prevention
Catching problems early, after stressors have affected the patient but before serious health issues develop. It also involves treatment to reduce the impact of stressors and minimize damage.
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
Restoring and stabilizing the patient’s system after a stress response to prevent serious complications.
A. Primary prevention
B. Secondary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
C. Tertiary prevention
Neuman’s care plan emphasizes a holistic approach to care, considering physical, psychological, sociocultural, developmental, and spiritual factors.
What are the 5 components of Betty Neuman nursing care plan?
- Assessment
- Diagnosis
- Planning
- Implementation
- Evaluation
Assess the patient’s system as a whole, including the five variables. Additionally, identify existing stressors and check the patient’s lines of defense.
A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Planning
D. Implementation
E. Evaluation
A. Assessment
Determine any potential or actual problems in the patient’s system. These could be related to stressors or imbalances in any of the five variables.
A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Planning
D. Implementation
E. Evaluation
B. Diagnosis
Set clear goals to address the identified problems, using Neuman’s preventive strategies.
A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Planning
D. Implementation
E. Evaluation
C. Planning
Put your plans into action. This might include education, stress management, therapeutic communication, and medical treatments.
A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Planning
D. Implementation
E. Evaluation
D. Implementation
Reassess how well the interventions worked and if the patient’s system is getting back to a stable state. Adjust the plan if needed.
A. Assessment
B. Diagnosis
C. Planning
D. Implementation
E. Evaluation
E. Evaluation
- She is an American nun, nursing Theorist, professor and author.
- Known for her groundbreaking work in creating the Adaptation Model of Nursing.
Sister Callista Roy
Major Concepts of the Adaptation Model
Eto na naman
Person
- Human systems have thinking and feeling capacities, rooted in consciousness and meaning, by which they adjust effectively to changes in the environment and, in turn, affect the environment.
Environment
- The conditions, circumstances and influences surrounding and affecting the development and behavior of persons or groups, with particular consideration of the mutuality of person and health resources that includes focal, contextual, and residual stimuli.
Health
- Health is not freedom from the inevitability of death, disease, unhappiness, and stress, but the ability to cope with them in a competent way.
Nursing
- The goal of nursing is the promotion of adaptation for individuals and groups in each of the four adaptive modes, thus contributing to health, quality of life, and dying with dignity.
What are the 2 Assumptions of Adaptation Model?
- Scientific Assumptions
- Philosophical Assumptions
Systems of matter and energy progress to higher level of complex self-organization.
A. Scientific Assumptions
B. Philosophical Assumptions
A. Scientific Assumptions
Persons have mutual relationships with the world and God
A. Scientific Assumptions
B. Philosophical Assumptions
B. Philosophical Assumptions
What are the 3 Levels of Adaptation?
- Integrated Process
- Compensatory Process
- Compromised Process
The various modes and subsystems meet the needs of the environment.
A. Integrated Process
B. Compensatory Process
C. Compromised Process
A. Integrated Process
The cognator and regulator are challenged by the environment’s needs but are working to meet the needs.
A. Integrated Process
B. Compensatory Process
C. Compromised Process
B. Compensatory Process
The modes and subsystems are not adequately meeting the environmental challenge.
A. Integrated Process
B. Compensatory Process
C. Compromised Process
C. Compromised Process
Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model of Nursing has 4 modes. What are these?
- Physiological Mode
- Self-concept Mode
- Role Function Mode
- Interdependence Mode
Involves the body’s physical and biochemical interaction with the environment.
A. Physiological Mode
B. Self-concept Mode
C. Role Function Mode
D. Interdependence Mode
A. Physiological Mode
Focuses on the psychological and spiritual aspects of the individual.
A. Physiological Mode
B. Self-concept Mode
C. Role Function Mode
D. Interdependence Mode
B. Self-concept Mode
Pertains to the various social roles the individual occupies.
A. Physiological Mode
B. Self-concept Mode
C. Role Function Mode
D. Interdependence Mode
C. Role Function Mode
Involves interactions with others, giving and receiving love, respect, and value.
A. Physiological Mode
B. Self-concept Mode
C. Role Function Mode
D. Interdependence Mode
D. Interdependence Mode
STRENGTH or WEAKNESS of Roy’s Adaptation Model
- The Adaptation Model of Callista Roy suggests the influence of multiple causes in a situation, which is a ________ when dealing with multi-faceted human beings.
STRENGTH
STRENGTH or WEAKNESS of Roy’s Adaptation Model
- Painstaking application of the model requires a significant input of time and effort.
WEAKNESS
- She is the Mother of Psychiatric Nursing.
- She was well-known for her “Theory of Interpersonal Relations”, which helped to revolutionize nurses scholarly work. Her achievements are valued by nurses worldwide and became known to many as the “Mother of Psychiatric Nursing” and the “Nurse of the Century”.
- A nursing Theorist, “Believed that the nurse-patient relationship is central to nursing practice.”
- Her Interpersonal Relations Theory emphasized the nurse-client relationships as the foundation of nursing practice. It emphasized the give-and-take of nurse-client relationships that was seen by many as revolutionary.
- She went on to form an interpersonal model emphasizing the need for a partnership between nurse and client as opposed to the client passively receiving treatment and the nurse passively acting out doctor’s orders.
Hildegard E. Peplau
Which is a developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs.
A. Person
B. Environment
C. Health
D. Nursing
A. Person
Which consists of existing forces outside of the person and put in the context of culture.
A. Person
B. Environment
C. Health
D. Nursing
B. Environment
Which is a word symbol that implies a forward movement of personality.
A. Person
B. Environment
C. Health
D. Nursing
C. Health
Which is a significant therapeutic interpersonal process that functions cooperatively with another human process that makes health possible for individuals in communities.
A. Person
B. Environment
C. Health
D. Nursing
D. Nursing
What are the 4 Phases of the Therapeutic Nurse-Patient Relationship according to Peplau?
- Orientation Phase
- Identification Phase
- Exploitation Phase
- Resolution Phase
It involves engaging the client in treatment, providing explanations and information, and answering questions.
- Problem defining phase
- Client seeks assistance, conveys needs, asks questions, shares preconceptions and expectations of past experiences.
- Nurse responds, explains roles to the client, identifies problems, and uses available resources and services.
A. Orientation Phase
B. Identification Phase
C. Exploitation Phase
D. Resolution Phase
A. Orientation Phase
It begins when the client works interdependently with the nurse, expresses feelings, and begins to feel stronger.
- Selection of appropriate professional assistance.
- Patient begins to have a feeling of belonging and a capability of dealing with the problem, which decreases the feeling of helplessness and hopelessness.
A. Orientation Phase
B. Identification Phase
C. Exploitation Phase
D. Resolution Phase
B. Identification Phase
The client makes full use of the services offered.
- Use of professional assistance for problem-solving alternatives.
- The individual feels like an integral part of the helping environment.
- The principles of interview techniques must be used to explore, understand and adequately deal with the underlying problem.
- Nurse must be aware of the various phases of communication.
A. Orientation Phase
B. Identification Phase
C. Exploitation Phase
D. Resolution Phase
C. Exploitation Phase
In this phase, the client no longer needs professional services and gives up dependent behavior. The relationship ends.
- The patient’s needs have already been met by the collaborative effect of patient and nurse.
- Now they need to terminate their therapeutic relationship and dissolve the links between them.
- Sometimes may be difficult for both as psychological dependence persists.
A. Orientation Phase
B. Identification Phase
C. Exploitation Phase
D. Resolution Phase
D. Resolution Phase
What are the 4 Levels of Anxiety?
- Mild Anxiety
- Moderate Anxiety
- Severe Anxiety
- Panic Anxiety
It is a positive state of heightened awareness and sharpened senses, allowing the person to learn new behaviors and solve problems. The person can take in all available stimuli (perceptual field).
A. Mild Anxiety
B. Moderate Anxiety
C. Severe Anxiety
D. Panic Anxiety
A. Mild Anxiety
It involves a decreased perceptual field (focus on the immediate task only); the person can learn a new behavior or solve problems only with assistance. Another person can redirect the person to the task.
A. Mild Anxiety
B. Moderate Anxiety
C. Severe Anxiety
D. Panic Anxiety
B. Moderate Anxiety
It involves feeling of dread and terror. The person cannot be redirected to a task; he or she focuses only on scattered details and has physiologic symptoms of tachycardia, diaphoresis, and chest pain.
A. Mild Anxiety
B. Moderate Anxiety
C. Severe Anxiety
D. Panic Anxiety
C. Severe Anxiety
Can involve loss of rational thought, delusions, hallucinations, and complete physical immobility and muteness. The person may bolt and run aimlessly, often exposing himself or herself to injury.
A. Mild Anxiety
B. Moderate Anxiety
C. Severe Anxiety
D. Panic Anxiety
D. Panic Anxiety
