Ground school Flashcards
Basic empty weight
2909 pounds
Maximum range
661 nautical miles
Cruise speed
170 kn
Propeller manufacturer
Hartzell
Propeller type
Constant speed two blade full feathering
What is the only anti ice system?
Pitot heat
Is there any system which warned you when you forget to extend the gear for landing?
There is a gear on a horn when the throttle is reduced below 14 inches of manifold pressure with gear up it beeps it beeps on the ground with the gear handle up
Where is the flap motor located?
Under the copilot seat
What are the three kinds of part 121 scheduled Operations
Domestic flagged and supplemental
What are the three kinds of decompression
Explosive, rapid and incipient ( slow)
What are the 2 PAST factors that affect yaw
P factor and spiraling slipstream
When should you configure on a precision approach?
1.5 dots above glideslope
When should you configure on a non-precision app
Two nautical miles before the final approach fix
What is the max deflection of the CDI on an instrument approach for ATP ACS
1/4
What type of oxygen can be used in the aircraft?
FA approved Aviation oxygen
What does part 61 cover?
Certifications for pilot, flight instructors and ground instructors
What does part 91 cover?
General flight rules or pilot flying rules
What is part 117 cover
Flight duty requirements and rest limitations
What does part 121 cover
Regularly scheduled air carriers of which there are three types, domestic, flag, supplemental
What is part 135 cover
Commuter and on demand operators, i.e. charter type surfaces
What is 49 CFR 830
NTSB and notification and reporting of aircraft accidents
What does IMSAFE stand for
I is illness M is medication. S is stress A is alcohol. F is fatigue. E is emotion.
What is accelerate stop distance?
Distance to accelerate to VR and stop upon engine failure on the remaining runway
What is absolute ceiling?
Max altitude at which aircraft can maintain level flight
What is service ceiling?
Single engine service ceiling reached when multi engine plane can no longer maintain more than 50 feet per minute rate of climb and two Engine service ceiling is equal to 100 ft./min. rate of climb
What is critical Mach number?
Lowest Mach number at which the airflow over any part of the aircraft reaches the speed of sound
Does altitude affect Mach speed?
Yes, as altitude increases Mach number generally increases
What is Mach tuck?
Mach tuck is a nose down pitch tendency due to a change in the position of the center of pressure resulting from a Rearwood movement of the shockwave, which occurs as an aircraft in transonic flight, accelerates beyond its limiting Mach number as an aircraft accelerates the air foil create more lift
Does temperature affect Mach tuck?
Yes, Mach number generally decreases as temperature increases
What is the crossover altitude?
Altitude at which a specified calibrated air, speed and Mach value represent the same true air speed value above this altitude, the Mach number is used to reference speed
What is AIRMET
Adverse whether that results in less than 1000/3, which is Sierra or turbulence, which is tango or icing, which is Zulu
What is a SIGMET
Severe weather not associated with thunderstorms that includes severe icing, severe or extreme turbulence, dust snow or ash
What is a convective SIGMET
SIGMET associated with thunderstorm, activity - icing, turbulence, low level of wind shear
TAF valid period and update frequency.
Valid for 24 to 30 hours and updated every six hours
When was the Beechcraft travel air manufactured?
1960s
Which engine is the critical engine?
Left
Which way did the props rotate?
Clockwise is seen for the cockpit
What is the avionics package?
Garmin G430W relate to two Garmin G5
What type of engine?
Lycoming, IO - 360 – B1B
How is the engine cooled
Air cooled
Describe the engines
Horizontally opposed, air cooled, naturally aspirated, direct drive, fuel injected
What is the engine horsepower?
180 hp at 2700 RPM
How many cylinders are the engines?
Four cylinders with two spark plugs per cylinder, connected to one of two engine driven magnetos
What is the fuel type and what color is it?
100 low lead and it’s blue and color
How many fuel pumps and what type?
Four fuel pumps, two engine driven and two electric boost pumps
When can use the main fuel tanks and the auxiliary fuel tanks?
Main tanks can be used in all phases of Flight. Auxiliary can only be used in cruise.
How many fuel tanks are there and what are their capacities?
Four tanks two main tanks that are 25 gallons each and two auxiliary tanks that are 31 gallons each for 112 total gallons
What is the total max amount of fuel on board?
112 gallons
What is the total max usable gallons of fuel?
106 gallons
How many minutes of battery do you have for the dual generator failure?
30 minutes
How many alternators are there and what are their amperage?
Two engine driven alternators at 50 A each
What is the voltage of the electrical system?
28 V
How many electrical buses are there?
Two buses Main and avionics
What does the voltage regulator keep the alternator voltage at?
Both alternator share a voltage regulator which keeps them at 24 V regardless of RPM
Battery quantity and specifications
Two 12 V DC 25 amp hour, batteries in series
Flap type /operation /settings
Type is single slotted
actuation is through an electric motor. The settings are 0,10,20,28°.
Is the engine air filtered?
The engine air intake is filtered, but the alternate air is not
How does the RPM of the prop change?
The pilot controls the RPM with the prop lever in the cockpit which tells the flyweight what on speed is
Where is the prop governor located?
Rear side of the engine
Prop will not feather below what due to what
It will not feather below 800 RPM do to the anti-feather lock pin
Feathering accumulator PSI/operation
300 psi one time shot until it is reloaded with a running engine
How do you feather the prop? How long will it take?
Move the propeller lever all the way down to the feather detent should take six seconds to feather
What is the purpose of feathering?
To reduce the drag caused by windmilling and to avoid further damage to the engine
Will the propeller feather when you shut down the engine after landing?
No, there is an anti-feather lock pin, which prevents the prop from feathering below 800 RPM when the RPM is high, the pin hides inside a sleeve due to centrifugal force when the RPM is low, the spring pushes out the pin to stop the movement of the prop
How can you un feather the prop?
Move the prop lever to high RPM position to activate the feathering accumulator
How does the un feathering accumulator work?
It has a diaphragm inside nitrogen is charged on one side engine oil is pumped in on the other side from the governor during normal operation when the propeller lever is moved down to the feather position. The valve is closed to keep high oil pressure inside the accumulator at 300 psi when the prop lever is moved to high RPM position, the valve is opened and the nitrogen pushes the oil back. The oil is sent to the hub to the governor in crankshaft to decrease blade angle. Once the blade angle changes the wind picks up the prop to start windmilling this way. The engine can be restarted without stress on the cylinders. The accumulator opens the governor and drops oil out of of the hub, allowing low pitch RPM.
What is prop over speed caused by?
A malfunction in the propeller governor, which allows the propeller blades to rotate to full low pitch
What should you do if you encounter propeller over speed?
Retard the throttle,
the propeller control should be moved to full decrease RPM and then set if any Control is available
air speed should be reduced and throttle used to maintain a maximum of 2700 RPM
Will the engines quit on us and Flight if alternators and batteries die in the aircraft
No, the magnetos are sufficient for engine operation
What is the oil capacity?
16 quarts 8 quarts in each engine
6 quarts minimum each side for takeoff
Lycoming engine specs say engine will run on 2 quarts
What is the minimum fuel for takeoff?
13 gallons in the main tanks
What is the max duration of a slip?
30 seconds
How many fuel drains and where are they located?
Nine drains
two in the mains
two in the auxiliary
two cross feed lines
2 at the fuel strainer
one janitrol heater
When are the boost pumps used?
If it’s hot, which is above 95°F or during a cold start during priming or in an emergency if the engine driven pump fails
What is happening if you see over voltage warning light
The overvoltage relay shuts down the line as a result of overvoltage caused by a spike or a voltage regulator failure switch the voltage regulator if the condition persists try to troubleshoot and then switch if there’s no change, pull the alternator field circuit breaker
How can you make sure if one of the alternators is working or not?
Turn off one of the alternators if the alternator that is on does not pick up the load then the alternator is not working
What is a bus bar? Where are they located? How many bus bars are there?
A bus bar is a piece of metal used for the distribution of electricity. It’s simplifies the wiring. It is located behind the circuit breakers. There are two bus bars. One is the main bus. The other is the avionic bus.
How can you detect the alternator failure? What would you do then?
One or both load meters indicates zero if only one indicate zero turn off the other one to make sure it is working if both indicate zero check if the master switches on circuit breakers have popped or if the voltage regulator needs to be switched if it still indicates zero, turn off the master switch to conserve the battery
Battery location
Two batteries in the Nose baggage compartment
How long does the battery last after losing the alternator?
Depends on the load if you use 25 A continuously it lasts one hour if you use 50 A continuously it lasts for half hour
Type of landing gear
Tricycle retractable
How is the landing gear raised and lowered
Pirate can select the position upper down by the gear handle the electric motor rotates the gear in the gearbox located below the pilot seat. Bell crank is attached to the gear which moves the push pool rods. The other ends of the push Pool ride is attached to the Nose gear in each main gear
How many landing gear motors
Just one
How can you confirm the gears down?
Lights with your interchangeable,
the nose wheel indicator
Or the mirror on the nacelle
What would you do if you don’t see a green light after you move the gear handle down
Check the master switches on the circuit breakers in push the lightbulb test switch the lightbulb turn the bulb to the left to brighten it
What is the emergency extension for the landing gear?
A red emergency gear crank is located to the back right of the pilot seat
How many cranks does the emergency extension require in what direction?
50 cranks counterclockwise
Can you retract the gear with manual extension system?
No gravity and air resistance acts against the crank it may break the crank
Squat, switch location, and function
Location is left Main. It stops the gear from coming up and activates the heater blower.
Heater type/BTU/fuel consumption
JANITROL, 50,000 BTU, .5 gallons per hour
When/how to cool heater?
Two minutes before engine shut down or using ram air in Flight or using the blower on the ground with the squat switch
Pitot static system heating/alternate source
Pitot heat is the only anti ice system. There’s no deice on the airplane.
Emergency static source for cabin air
How is the nose will steered and what degree of deflection is available?
The nose wheel is steered through the use of Rutter pedals and is terrible 30° either side of center
What is the double cross feed trap?
Will cause the engines to quit
What does conventional mean?
Both props rotate clockwise
How is the flight control system operated
Mechanically through linkage to elevator, aeloron and rudder
Describe the flap system
Single slot type flaps with max extension of 28°
How are the flaps actuated/operated
Three position electrical switch with a stop electrically operated through system of jack screws, driven by electric motor under the front seat
Describe the engine ignition
Each engine receives ignition from two magneto’s powered by battery, master relay and independent from the electrical system and each other
More oil in the propeller hub equals what
More RPMs or low pitch
What causes the propeller to feather?
Counterweights plus spring pressure
Engine oil requirement
6 to 8 quarts
What is the function of the cowl flaps?
Cool the engine while open at the expense of drag
What happens if the propeller loses oil above 800 RPM
Propeller will feather
Propeller oil loss below 800 RPM
Propeller will windmill due to centrifugal stop pins preventing feather
Primary source of electricity
Alternators
Number of alternators
Two
Voltage and capacity of the alternators
28 V 50 A
How does the electrical system maintain constant voltage?
Voltage regulator keeps it at 24 V
Number of voltage regulators
One primary and one in standby
Overvoltage, warning, light response
Switch the voltage regulator before troubleshooting further
What is the purpose of the alternator check
By turning one of the alternators off, we are checking to make sure the other alternator will pick up the load
Troubleshooting alternator failure
Turn off the good alternator if the suspected alternator does not pick up the load it has failed
Garmin G5 battery duration
Four hours
What is the reason for unusable fuel in the main tanks?
Baffles which prevent lateral sloshing
Number of fuel gauges
Two
Cross feeding in single engine situation
Good engine to crossfeed dead engine to desired tank
Static port blockage response
Alternate static valve controls, located in the cabin
Describe the brakes actuation/operation
Actuated mechanically through the toe brakes operated hydraulically through a self-contained system
What are the factors that affect VMC?
SMACFUM
Standard day (low )
most unfavorable weight ( light )
Aft CG
critical engine, windmilling,
flaps, and gear up
up to 5° angle of bank,
maximum power on operating engine
Define an aircraft’s critical engine
The engine that if failed most adversely affects the performance and handling qualities of the aircraft
What is P factor?
The descending blade develops more thrust longer moment, arm, and causes yaw
What is accelerated slipstream?
More thrust on the descending blade causes more lift further from the longitudinal access, resulting in a rolling motion
What is spiraling slipstream?
Slipstream does not interact with the tale of the aircraft due to relative wind, or yaw which means rudder is less effective on the right side
What effect does torque have?
Aircraft wants to roll to the left more I needed to stay level, which means more drag
What are the approved weather data sources?
National weather service
flight service station
Aviation Weather Center
Types of weather briefings
Standard
abbreviated
and outlook for more than six hours
Describe the earths atmosphere composition
78% nitrogen 21% oxygen 1% other gases
Atmospheric stability is depending upon what
Dry and saturated idiobatic lapse rate in the Enviromental lapse rate
Describe wind shear
Change and wind, speed, and direction over a short distance, it can occur both horizontally and vertically and high or low altitudes
Mountain wave turbulence avoidance
Clear the mountain by at least half as tall as the mountain itself
What is the standard day?
At sea level 59°F and 29.92 inches of mercury
What is the standard temperature lapse rate?
2°C per thousand feet up to 36,000 feet
What is the standard pressure lapse rate?
1 inch of mercury per thousand feet
The code weather codes, RA, DZ, SN, GR, PL, TS, IC
Rain, drizzle, snow, hail, ice pellets, thunderstorm, ice crystals,
What are fronts?
Boundary layers between air masses where weather happens
What is a cold front?
Massive cold air moves to displace warm air
What is a warm front?
Massive warm air moving over cold air
What is the stationary front?
Opposing forces of two air masses are relatively balance, causing little to no movement
What is an occluded front?
Fast moving cold front overtaking a warm front
Describe how clouds form
A lifting force, moving warm air upward, where it condenses at his dewpoint into visible moisture
Thunderstorm ingredients
Moisture
instability
and a lifting mechanism
What is a microburst?
A localized column of sinking air within a thunderstorm and is usually 2.5 miles or less than diameter
How do microbursts form
The result of large amounts of water, droplets hail becoming suspended in the air due to excessive lift
Types of icing
Mixed,clear , rime
Fog formation
When cooler mixes with warm moist air dewpoint is reached and condenses
Swept wing benefits
Design optimize for high-speed flight
Describe Mach Buffett
Buffett caused due to excessive lift demand from too much air speed over the wing
Factors affecting MACH buffet
Altitude, weight , G loading
Describe coffin corner
The region where stall speed approaches critical Mach number . In this flight regime it is very difficult to keep the aircraft stable
Describe wave drag
Additional drag caused by the formation of shockwaves
What are stall characteristics?
Buffet, lack of pitch/roll authority, inability to arrest descent rate
How is true airspeed affected with temperature increase
True airspeed increases due to less dense air
Oxygen requirements
Sea level to 12,500 feet none
12500 to 14,000 required by crew if flying over 30 minutes
14,000 and 15,000 must be used by required flight crew
15,000 to 25,000 must be provided to every occupant
above 25,000 every occupant +10 minutes
flight level 350 if one member leaves the flight deck other crewmember must use oxygen unless Equip with quick Donn mask
flight level 410 each pilot must be on oxygen at all times
Effects of hypoxia
Above 10,000 feet mental alertness diminishes
Above 15,000 feet unconscious can occur
above 40,000 feet. Death will occur between eight and 10 seconds.
ATP responsibilities
Authority, responsibility sound decisions, awareness, mentoring
Where is the electric gear motor located?
Under the pilot seat
What are the three ways to confirm? The landing gear is down and locked
Green landing gear light, flag in the lower window, mirror on the nacelle
In extreme emergency situations the gear may be lowered at what speed
200 mph
What does the I in the IO mean in the designation of the engines?
Fuel injected
What does the O in IO mean in the designation of the engines?
Conventionally rotated
What is the reason we place the engine settings at 2500 RPM/25 inches of manifold pressure at 1000 feet
Defined in the POH as cruise climb speed for two engines
Define constant speed prop
Propeller which maintains constant RPM selected by propeller control lever regardless of the airplanes pitch attitude or throttle position
What does un feathering accumulator do?
Un feather the prop
Will the engines quit on us in flight if the alternator and batteries die in the aircraft? Why
No. The magnetos are self sufficient
What is the blue line marking indicator on the airspeed indicator and what importance does it have
Best rate of climb single engine. In an engine out scenario it gives us the best chance to gain/maintain altitude.
Part 61 subsections
Section A general
section B aircraft ratings
section G airline transport pilot
Part 91 subsections
A general Ops rules
B flight rules
C equipment, instrument certification rules,
F large and turbine powered multi engine planes
G additional equipment requirements for large transport, category, planes,
H foreign aircraft operations and operations of US aircraft outside of the US
Part 121 subsections
A general
G Manual requirements
K instrument and equipment requirements
M airman and crew-member requirements
O crew-member qualifications
T flight operations
U dispatching and flight release
V records and reports
Part 135 subsections
A general
B flight operations
C aircraft and equipment
D VFR/IFR operations limits and weather requirements
E flight crew-member requirements
F crew-member flight time and duty period limits
G crewmember testing
How often are convective SIGMETS updated
Bulletins issued hourly at H +55 and forecast valid up to 2 hours
What is the difference between the MEL and the CDL
The minimum equipment lists the equipment that can be inoperative and still operate and the configuration deviation list is a list of externally exposed non structural parts that can be missing and still operate
How many sections in the BE 95 AFM
7
Where is the checklist at in the BE 95 AFM
2
Where are performance specifications and limitations in the BE95 AFM
Section 3
Which critical engine factors affect yaw
P factor and spiraling slipstream
Which critical engine factors affect roll
Accelerated slipstream and torque
Which instruments use the pitot static system
Airspeed indicator, altimeter, vertical speed indicator
What type of fire extinguisher and where is it
HALON located in pocket behind pilot seat
When should an emergency locator transmitter battery be replaced or inspected
When transmitter has been in use for more than one hour cumulative or when 50% of the battery’s useful life has expired inspected every 12 months
Is the pitot heat system anti ice or de ice
Anti ice
When should pitot heat be used
Less than 10 degrees and visible moisture
What color is the hydraulic fluid?
Red
Where is the hydraulic fluid reservoir?
In the nose cone accessible from the forward baggage compartment
