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Gross Anatomy > Gross Test 1 > Flashcards

Gross Test 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Trapezius

A

O: EOP, nuccal lig, spinous processes C7-T12, medial third of superior nuccal line
I: lateral third of clavicle, spine of scapula, acromion
Inn: Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), C3, C4
Act: Upper: elevates, Medial: retracts, Lower: depresses

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1
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

I: thoracolumbar fascia, bottom 6 vertebrae thoracic spinous processes, last 3/4 ribs, iliac crest
O: floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Inn: Thoracodorsal C6, C7, C8
Act: extension, medial rotation, adduction

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2
Q

Rhomboid Minor

A

O: spinous processes of C7-T1
I: triangular area at medial end of spine of scapula
Inn: dorsal scapular C4 C5
Action: retraction of scapula & rotate to depress glenoid cavity, fix scapula to thoracic wall

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3
Q

Rhomboid Major

A

O: spinous processes of T2-T5
I: medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior border
Inn: dorsal scapular C4 C5
Act: retract scapula and rotate to depress glenoid cavity, fix scapula to thoracic wall

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4
Q

Levator Scapulae

A

O: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
I: medial border of scapula superior to root of spine
Inn: dorsal scapular C5, cervical C3 C4
Act: elevate scapula and tilt gleniod cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

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5
Q

Obliquus capitis inferior

A

O: spinous process of C2
I: transverse process of C1
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural

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6
Q

Obliquus capitis superior

A

O: transverse process of C2
I: between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural

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7
Q

Rectis capitis posterior major

A

O: spinous process of C2
I: lateral end of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural

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8
Q

Rectis capitis posterior minor

A

O: posterior tubercle of posterior arch of C1
I: medial third of inferior nuchal line
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural

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9
Q

Serratus posterior superior

A

O: nuchal lig, spinous processes of C7-T5
I: superior borders of 2nd and 4th ribs
Inn: 2nd and 5th intercostal nerves
Act: elevate ribs

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10
Q

Serratus posterior inferior

A

O: inferior border of 8th-12th ribs near angles
I: spinous processes of T11-L2
Inn: 9th and 11th intercostal nerve, subcostal (T12) nerve
Act: depress ribs

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11
Q

Iliocostalis

A

O: broad tendon of posterior iliac crest, posterior portion of sacrum, sacro-iliac lig, supraspinatus lig, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes
I: superior to angles of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extend (bi), laterally flex (all together)

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12
Q

Longissimus

A

O: broad lig of posterior iliac crest, posterior part of sacrum, sacral-iliac lig, supraspinatus lig, sacral and inf lumbar spinous processes
I: transverse processes in thoracic and cervical regions, mastoid process of temporal bone, rib between tubercles
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extension, lat flexion

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13
Q

Spinalis

A

O: broad lig of posterior iliac crest, posterior part of sacrum, spinous processes of sacrum and inf lumbar, supraspinatus lig, sacro-iliac lig
I: superiorly to spinous process of upper thoracic region and cranium
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extension, lateral flexion

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14
Q

Splenius capitis

A

O: nuchal lig, spinous processes of C7-T6
I: lateral third of superior nuchal line, supralaterally on mastoid process
Inn: posterior rami
Act: lateral flexion and rotate head side to side of active muscle (single), extend head and neck (together)

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15
Q

Splenius cervicis

A

O: nuchal lig, spinous processes C7-T6
I: tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4
Inn: posterior rami
Act: laterally flex of rotate to side that muscle is activated (alone), extend (together)

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16
Q

Semispinalis

A

O: transverse processes of C4-T10
I: spanning 4-6 segments, runs supermedially to occiptal bone and spinous processes in thoracic and cervical regions
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extends, moves them contralaterally

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17
Q

Multifidus

A

O: posterior sacrum, posterior of superior iliac spine of ilium, aponeurosis of erector spinae, mamillary processes of lumbar vertebrae, sacro-iliac lig, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, articular process of C4-C7
I: entire length of spinous processes, 2-4 segments superior to the origin
Inn: posterior rami
Act: during contraction, rotates to contralateral side

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18
Q

Rotatores

A

O: transverse processes of vertebrae
I: superomedially to attach to transverse or spinous process immediately (brevis) above or 2 segments (longus)
Inn: posterior rami
Act: local extension and rotatory movements, proprioceptors, stabilize

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19
Q

What makes up the triangle of ausculation?

A

Lat, trap, rhom major

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20
Q

what is the border of the suboccipital triangle?

A

Obliquus capitis inf, obiquus capitis sup, rectis capitis posterior major, rectis capitis posterior minor

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21
Q

what makes up the floor of the suboccipital triangle?

A

posterior arch of C1, posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

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22
Q

what makes up the roof of the subocciptal triangle?

A

semispinalis capitis

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23
Q

platysma

A

O: inf border of mandible, skin and subcutaneous tissue of lower face
I: fascia of superior pectoralis major and deltoid
Inn: cervical branch of facial nerve (XII)
Act: draws corners of mouth inferiorly and widens it, draws skin of neck superiorly when teeth are clenched

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24
Q

SCM

A

O: lateral mastoid process of temporal bone, lateral portion of superior nuchal line
I: anterior surface of manubrium of sternum, superior medial third of clavicle
Inn: accessory nerve (CN XI), C2 C3
Act: Uni: tilt head to same side with head facing superiorly to opposite side. Bi: extend neck at atlanto-occipital joint, flex cervical vert so neck goes towards manubrium, extend sup cervical vertebra while flexing inf vertebrae, also may elevate manubrium and medial end of clavicles with deep breathing

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25
Q

what marks the end of the spinal cord?

A

conus medullus

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26
Q

middle scalene

A

O: post. tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C7
I: superior surface of 1st rib, posterior to groove for subclavian artery
Inn: ant rami
Act: flexes neck laterally, elevates first rib during forced inspiration

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27
Q

posterior scalene

A

O: post. tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C6
I: ext border of 2nd rib
Inn: ant rami, C7 C8
Act: flexes neck laterally, elevates 2nd rib during forced inspiration

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28
Q

anterior scalene

A

O: ant tubercles of trans processes of C3-C6
I: 1st rib
Inn: cervical spinal nerves C4-C6
Act: flexes neck laterally, elevates 1st rib during forced inspiration

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29
Q

root of brachial plexus

A

union of anterior rami C5-T1 (pass through middle and anterior scalene muscles with the subclavian artery

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30
Q

posterior triangle of neck

A

AKA lateral cervical region

-made up on occipital triangle and omoclavicular (subclavian) triangle

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31
Q

main contents and understanding of posterior triangle of neck

A
  • descending part of trap muscles
  • post branches of cervical plexus of nerves
  • spinal accessory nerve
  • trunks of brachial plexus
  • cervicodorsal trunk
  • cervical lymph nodes
  • subclavian artery
  • part of subclavian vein
  • suprascapular artery
  • supraclavicular lymph nodes
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32
Q

roof of post cervical triangle

A

deep cervical fascia

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33
Q

floor of post cervical triangle

A

levator scapulae, scalenus (post and middle), splenius capitis

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34
Q

boundaries of post cervical triangle

A

SCM, trap, middle third of clavicle

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35
Q

contents of cervical posterior triangle

A

ext jugular vein, post section of cervical branches of nerves, spinal accessory nerve, trunks of brachial plexus, cervicodorsal trunk, cervical lymph nodes, subclavian artery, part of subclavian vein, suprascapular artery, supraclavicular lymph nodes

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36
Q

which nerve arises from the superior trunk of brachial plexus?

A

suprascapular nerve

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37
Q

superficial branches of cervical plexus are _____?

A

cutaneous

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38
Q

deep branches of the cervical plexus are ____?

A

motor (including phrenic nerve and ansa cervacalis

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39
Q

where is the nerve point of the neck?

A

middle of posterior border of SCM where cutaneous branches of cervical plexus emerge

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40
Q

cervical plexus receives its communication from the ____?

A

superior cervical ganglion

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41
Q

lesser and greater occipital nerve is ___?

A

C2

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42
Q

C2 and C3 make up the _______ nerve?

A

greater auricular

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43
Q

what are AV shunts? what are they used for?

A

direct communication between arterial to venous side with need for capillaries. They are prevalent in the skin and used for conserving body heat

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44
Q

What is an example of large elastic artery?

A

aorta

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45
Q

The femoral artery is an example of which type of artery?

A

medium muscular artery

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46
Q

small arteries have narrow ______ and a thick _____.

A

lumina, muscle wall

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47
Q

small arteries depend greatly on ____. A high one can result in hypertension.

A

tonus

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48
Q

The cranial flat bones are which type of joint?

A

fibrous suture

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49
Q

an example of a fibrous syndesmosis joint is?

A

ulanradial joint joined by the interosseous membrane

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50
Q

a fibrous gomphosis joint is the _______?

A

teeth

51
Q

a primary cartilaginous joint is called _________. An example is _______.

A

synchondrosis, femur/pelvis=hip (hyaline)

52
Q

a secondary cartilaginous joint is called _______. an example is the ________.

A

symphysis, IV disks between vertebrae

53
Q

The most common and important type of joint is the _______.

A

synovial

54
Q

The atlanto-axial joint is a synovial joint. Which type of synovial joint is it?

A

pivot

55
Q

Two examples of ball and socket joints are?

A

hip, shoulder

56
Q

an example of a condyloid joint is the ______?

A

metacarpophalangeal

57
Q

a saddle joint can be found where in the body?

A

carpometacarpal (wrist)

58
Q

two examples of hinge joints found in the body are?

A

elbow, knee

59
Q

a plane joint can be found where in the body?

A

acromioclavicular, facets of vertebrae (synovial type)

60
Q

which are primary curvatures of the back?

A

thoracic and sacral

61
Q

which are secondary curvatures of the back?

A

cervical and lumbar

62
Q

excessive kyphosis occurs where?

A

thoracic

63
Q

excessive lordosis occurs where?

A

lumbar

64
Q

The _______ join the vertebral arch to the vertebral body.

A

pedicles

65
Q

articular processes form which type of joint?

A

zygopophyseal

66
Q

what type of joint is a zygopophyseal joint considered?

A

plane synovial

67
Q

C3-C5 have what unique characteristic?

A

bifid

68
Q

what makes the cervical vertebrae unique compared to other vertebrae along the spine?

A

cervical have transverse foramen

69
Q

what is the strongest cervical vertebrae

A

C2 axis

70
Q

body of the thoracic vertebrae is _____ shaped

A

heart

71
Q

the vertebral foramen is larger or smaller in the thoracic region compared to cervical/lumbar regions?

A

smaller

72
Q

the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae is unique in that it ______

A

slopes inferiorly and is very long

73
Q

the myotomes are….

A 
C3-C5 keeps the diaphragm alive
C5 elbow flexion
C6 wrist extension
C7 elbow extension
C8 finger flexion
T1 finger abduction
T1-T12 thoracic wall/abs
L2 hip flexion
L3 knee extension
L4 ankle flexion
L5 toe extension
S1 ankle plantar flexion
S3-S5 bowel, bladder, sex organs
74
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

75
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

76
Q

the PNS is made up of what?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

77
Q

the CNS is made up of what?

A

brain and spinal cord

78
Q

sensory is also known as _______

A

afferent

79
Q

motor is also known as _____

A

efferent

80
Q

sensory (afferent) division sends info from ____ to ____.

A

peripheral to CNS

81
Q

motor (efferent) sends info from _____ to _____.

A

CNS, rest of body

82
Q

motor division separates into _____ and _____

A

autonomic (involuntary) and somatic (voluntary)

83
Q

only cell to be in CNS and PNS

A

neurons

84
Q

cells of PNS

A

schwann, neurons, satellite

85
Q

cells of CNS

A

neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal, choroid plexus cells

86
Q

grey matter is a collection of ______ ______ and ________.

A

cell bodies, dendrites

87
Q

white matter is a collection of ______

A

axons

88
Q

cerebral cortex has a lot of ______ matter

A

grey

89
Q

in the spinal cord, ______ matter surrounds the ______ matter

A

white, grey

90
Q

thalamus, basal ganglia and cortex are all composed of _____ matter

A

grey

91
Q

dorsal rami contain ____ and ____ parts

A

motor, sensory

92
Q

largest amount of white matter is located in the _______ segment of the spinal cord

A

cervical

93
Q

cell bodies of sympathetic nervous system are located in the _____

A

thoracic cord

94
Q

lateral horns are located in which segment of spinal cord?

A

thoracic

95
Q

_______ have largest amount of grey matter

A

lumbar (bc lots of motor function to lower limbs needed)

96
Q

sacral has less white matter because …

A

most info has already been sent out already

97
Q

from superficial to deep what are the three membraneous layers of the spinal cord?

A

dura, arachnoid, pia

98
Q

where does the spinal dural sac end?

A

S1-S2

99
Q

what anchors the spinal dural sac to the coccyx?

A

filum terminale

100
Q

what is the subarachnoid space filled with?

A

CSF

101
Q

what is a main function of the CSF?

A

act as a cushion for the spinal cord

102
Q

what composes the filum terminale as well as denticulate ligaments?

A

pia mater

103
Q

what is the function of the denticulate ligament?

A

to separate the dorsal and ventral roots

104
Q

what type of bone is sacrum?

A

irregular

105
Q

what type of bone is the pelvis?

A

flat

106
Q

is the anterior (ventral) root sensory or motor?

A

efferent (motor)

107
Q

does the dorsal root carry sensory or motor?

A

sensory (afferent)

108
Q

all bones are derived from ______

A

mesenchyme

109
Q

intramembranous ossification

A
  • derived directly from mesenchyme

- mesenchyme models at embryonic, ossification at fetal period

110
Q

endochondral ossification

A
  • cartilage derived from mesenchyme

- cartilage models from mesenchyme at fetal period and then bone forms from cartilage

111
Q

how do long bones grow?

A

endochondral ossification

112
Q

when mesenchymal cells condense they differentiate into ________

A

chondroblasts

113
Q

what cells compose the cartiligenous bone model?

A

chondroblasts

114
Q

the periosteal bud is made up of ______ and _____ ____?

A

periosteal capillaries and osteogenic cells

115
Q

the primary ossification center is located in the ______

A

diaphysis

116
Q

the secondary ossification center is located in the _______

A

epiphysis

117
Q

synostosis

A

the formation of the epiphyseal plates being replaced by bone to form the epiphyseal line

118
Q

nutrient arteries and veins pass through the shaft of the long bone via the _________ _______

A

nutrient foramena

119
Q

what nerves regulate blood flow through bone marrow?

A

vasomotor

120
Q

what law states that the nerve supplying the joint also supply the muscles that move the joint and the skin

A

Hilton’s

121
Q

concentric contraction example

A

deltoid muscle shortens to raise are in abduction

122
Q

eccentric contraction example

A

deltoid relaxes and lengthen to bring arm down in adducting movement

123
Q

the structural unit of a muscle is called a ____ _____ and a functional unit of a muscle is called a ____ _____

A

muscle fiber, motor unit

124
Q

the outward expansion of the bellies of contracting skeletal muscles in the legs for example, compresses the veins, “milking” the blood superiorly towards heart is known as what process

A

musculovenous pump

125
Q

actions of suboccipital triangle muscles are

A
  • extend head on C1

- rotate the head and the C1 on C2 vertebrae

Gross Anatomy (4 decks)

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