Gross Test 1 Flashcards
Trapezius
O: EOP, nuccal lig, spinous processes C7-T12, medial third of superior nuccal line
I: lateral third of clavicle, spine of scapula, acromion
Inn: Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI), C3, C4
Act: Upper: elevates, Medial: retracts, Lower: depresses
Latissimus Dorsi
I: thoracolumbar fascia, bottom 6 vertebrae thoracic spinous processes, last 3/4 ribs, iliac crest
O: floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
Inn: Thoracodorsal C6, C7, C8
Act: extension, medial rotation, adduction
Rhomboid Minor
O: spinous processes of C7-T1
I: triangular area at medial end of spine of scapula
Inn: dorsal scapular C4 C5
Action: retraction of scapula & rotate to depress glenoid cavity, fix scapula to thoracic wall
Rhomboid Major
O: spinous processes of T2-T5
I: medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior border
Inn: dorsal scapular C4 C5
Act: retract scapula and rotate to depress glenoid cavity, fix scapula to thoracic wall
Levator Scapulae
O: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
I: medial border of scapula superior to root of spine
Inn: dorsal scapular C5, cervical C3 C4
Act: elevate scapula and tilt gleniod cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
Obliquus capitis inferior
O: spinous process of C2
I: transverse process of C1
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural
Obliquus capitis superior
O: transverse process of C2
I: between the superior and inferior nuchal lines
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural
Rectis capitis posterior major
O: spinous process of C2
I: lateral end of inferior nuchal line of occipital bone
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural
Rectis capitis posterior minor
O: posterior tubercle of posterior arch of C1
I: medial third of inferior nuchal line
Inn: posterior ramus
Act: postural
Serratus posterior superior
O: nuchal lig, spinous processes of C7-T5
I: superior borders of 2nd and 4th ribs
Inn: 2nd and 5th intercostal nerves
Act: elevate ribs
Serratus posterior inferior
O: inferior border of 8th-12th ribs near angles
I: spinous processes of T11-L2
Inn: 9th and 11th intercostal nerve, subcostal (T12) nerve
Act: depress ribs
Iliocostalis
O: broad tendon of posterior iliac crest, posterior portion of sacrum, sacro-iliac lig, supraspinatus lig, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes
I: superior to angles of lower ribs and cervical transverse processes
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extend (bi), laterally flex (all together)
Longissimus
O: broad lig of posterior iliac crest, posterior part of sacrum, sacral-iliac lig, supraspinatus lig, sacral and inf lumbar spinous processes
I: transverse processes in thoracic and cervical regions, mastoid process of temporal bone, rib between tubercles
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extension, lat flexion
Spinalis
O: broad lig of posterior iliac crest, posterior part of sacrum, spinous processes of sacrum and inf lumbar, supraspinatus lig, sacro-iliac lig
I: superiorly to spinous process of upper thoracic region and cranium
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extension, lateral flexion
Splenius capitis
O: nuchal lig, spinous processes of C7-T6
I: lateral third of superior nuchal line, supralaterally on mastoid process
Inn: posterior rami
Act: lateral flexion and rotate head side to side of active muscle (single), extend head and neck (together)
Splenius cervicis
O: nuchal lig, spinous processes C7-T6
I: tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4
Inn: posterior rami
Act: laterally flex of rotate to side that muscle is activated (alone), extend (together)
Semispinalis
O: transverse processes of C4-T10
I: spanning 4-6 segments, runs supermedially to occiptal bone and spinous processes in thoracic and cervical regions
Inn: posterior rami
Act: extends, moves them contralaterally
Multifidus
O: posterior sacrum, posterior of superior iliac spine of ilium, aponeurosis of erector spinae, mamillary processes of lumbar vertebrae, sacro-iliac lig, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, articular process of C4-C7
I: entire length of spinous processes, 2-4 segments superior to the origin
Inn: posterior rami
Act: during contraction, rotates to contralateral side
Rotatores
O: transverse processes of vertebrae
I: superomedially to attach to transverse or spinous process immediately (brevis) above or 2 segments (longus)
Inn: posterior rami
Act: local extension and rotatory movements, proprioceptors, stabilize
What makes up the triangle of ausculation?
Lat, trap, rhom major
what is the border of the suboccipital triangle?
Obliquus capitis inf, obiquus capitis sup, rectis capitis posterior major, rectis capitis posterior minor
what makes up the floor of the suboccipital triangle?
posterior arch of C1, posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
what makes up the roof of the subocciptal triangle?
semispinalis capitis
platysma
O: inf border of mandible, skin and subcutaneous tissue of lower face
I: fascia of superior pectoralis major and deltoid
Inn: cervical branch of facial nerve (XII)
Act: draws corners of mouth inferiorly and widens it, draws skin of neck superiorly when teeth are clenched
SCM
O: lateral mastoid process of temporal bone, lateral portion of superior nuchal line
I: anterior surface of manubrium of sternum, superior medial third of clavicle
Inn: accessory nerve (CN XI), C2 C3
Act: Uni: tilt head to same side with head facing superiorly to opposite side. Bi: extend neck at atlanto-occipital joint, flex cervical vert so neck goes towards manubrium, extend sup cervical vertebra while flexing inf vertebrae, also may elevate manubrium and medial end of clavicles with deep breathing
what marks the end of the spinal cord?
conus medullus
middle scalene
O: post. tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C7
I: superior surface of 1st rib, posterior to groove for subclavian artery
Inn: ant rami
Act: flexes neck laterally, elevates first rib during forced inspiration
posterior scalene
O: post. tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C6
I: ext border of 2nd rib
Inn: ant rami, C7 C8
Act: flexes neck laterally, elevates 2nd rib during forced inspiration
anterior scalene
O: ant tubercles of trans processes of C3-C6
I: 1st rib
Inn: cervical spinal nerves C4-C6
Act: flexes neck laterally, elevates 1st rib during forced inspiration
root of brachial plexus
union of anterior rami C5-T1 (pass through middle and anterior scalene muscles with the subclavian artery
posterior triangle of neck
AKA lateral cervical region
-made up on occipital triangle and omoclavicular (subclavian) triangle
main contents and understanding of posterior triangle of neck
- descending part of trap muscles
- post branches of cervical plexus of nerves
- spinal accessory nerve
- trunks of brachial plexus
- cervicodorsal trunk
- cervical lymph nodes
- subclavian artery
- part of subclavian vein
- suprascapular artery
- supraclavicular lymph nodes
roof of post cervical triangle
deep cervical fascia
floor of post cervical triangle
levator scapulae, scalenus (post and middle), splenius capitis
boundaries of post cervical triangle
SCM, trap, middle third of clavicle
contents of cervical posterior triangle
ext jugular vein, post section of cervical branches of nerves, spinal accessory nerve, trunks of brachial plexus, cervicodorsal trunk, cervical lymph nodes, subclavian artery, part of subclavian vein, suprascapular artery, supraclavicular lymph nodes
which nerve arises from the superior trunk of brachial plexus?
suprascapular nerve
superficial branches of cervical plexus are _____?
cutaneous
deep branches of the cervical plexus are ____?
motor (including phrenic nerve and ansa cervacalis
where is the nerve point of the neck?
middle of posterior border of SCM where cutaneous branches of cervical plexus emerge
cervical plexus receives its communication from the ____?
superior cervical ganglion
lesser and greater occipital nerve is ___?
C2
C2 and C3 make up the _______ nerve?
greater auricular
what are AV shunts? what are they used for?
direct communication between arterial to venous side with need for capillaries. They are prevalent in the skin and used for conserving body heat
What is an example of large elastic artery?
aorta
The femoral artery is an example of which type of artery?
medium muscular artery
small arteries have narrow ______ and a thick _____.
lumina, muscle wall
small arteries depend greatly on ____. A high one can result in hypertension.
tonus
The cranial flat bones are which type of joint?
fibrous suture
an example of a fibrous syndesmosis joint is?
ulanradial joint joined by the interosseous membrane
a fibrous gomphosis joint is the _______?
teeth
a primary cartilaginous joint is called _________. An example is _______.
synchondrosis, femur/pelvis=hip (hyaline)
a secondary cartilaginous joint is called _______. an example is the ________.
symphysis, IV disks between vertebrae
The most common and important type of joint is the _______.
synovial
The atlanto-axial joint is a synovial joint. Which type of synovial joint is it?
pivot
Two examples of ball and socket joints are?
hip, shoulder
an example of a condyloid joint is the ______?
metacarpophalangeal
a saddle joint can be found where in the body?
carpometacarpal (wrist)
two examples of hinge joints found in the body are?
elbow, knee
a plane joint can be found where in the body?
acromioclavicular, facets of vertebrae (synovial type)
which are primary curvatures of the back?
thoracic and sacral
which are secondary curvatures of the back?
cervical and lumbar
excessive kyphosis occurs where?
thoracic
excessive lordosis occurs where?
lumbar
The _______ join the vertebral arch to the vertebral body.
pedicles
articular processes form which type of joint?
zygopophyseal
what type of joint is a zygopophyseal joint considered?
plane synovial
C3-C5 have what unique characteristic?
bifid
what makes the cervical vertebrae unique compared to other vertebrae along the spine?
cervical have transverse foramen
what is the strongest cervical vertebrae
C2 axis
body of the thoracic vertebrae is _____ shaped
heart
the vertebral foramen is larger or smaller in the thoracic region compared to cervical/lumbar regions?
smaller
the spinous process of the thoracic vertebrae is unique in that it ______
slopes inferiorly and is very long
the myotomes are….
C3-C5 keeps the diaphragm alive C5 elbow flexion C6 wrist extension C7 elbow extension C8 finger flexion T1 finger abduction T1-T12 thoracic wall/abs L2 hip flexion L3 knee extension L4 ankle flexion L5 toe extension S1 ankle plantar flexion S3-S5 bowel, bladder, sex organs
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
the PNS is made up of what?
cranial and spinal nerves
the CNS is made up of what?
brain and spinal cord
sensory is also known as _______
afferent
motor is also known as _____
efferent
sensory (afferent) division sends info from ____ to ____.
peripheral to CNS
motor (efferent) sends info from _____ to _____.
CNS, rest of body
motor division separates into _____ and _____
autonomic (involuntary) and somatic (voluntary)
only cell to be in CNS and PNS
neurons
cells of PNS
schwann, neurons, satellite
cells of CNS
neurons, astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, ependymal, choroid plexus cells
grey matter is a collection of ______ ______ and ________.
cell bodies, dendrites
white matter is a collection of ______
axons
cerebral cortex has a lot of ______ matter
grey
in the spinal cord, ______ matter surrounds the ______ matter
white, grey
thalamus, basal ganglia and cortex are all composed of _____ matter
grey
dorsal rami contain ____ and ____ parts
motor, sensory
largest amount of white matter is located in the _______ segment of the spinal cord
cervical
cell bodies of sympathetic nervous system are located in the _____
thoracic cord
lateral horns are located in which segment of spinal cord?
thoracic
_______ have largest amount of grey matter
lumbar (bc lots of motor function to lower limbs needed)
sacral has less white matter because …
most info has already been sent out already
from superficial to deep what are the three membraneous layers of the spinal cord?
dura, arachnoid, pia
where does the spinal dural sac end?
S1-S2
what anchors the spinal dural sac to the coccyx?
filum terminale
what is the subarachnoid space filled with?
CSF
what is a main function of the CSF?
act as a cushion for the spinal cord
what composes the filum terminale as well as denticulate ligaments?
pia mater
what is the function of the denticulate ligament?
to separate the dorsal and ventral roots
what type of bone is sacrum?
irregular
what type of bone is the pelvis?
flat
is the anterior (ventral) root sensory or motor?
efferent (motor)
does the dorsal root carry sensory or motor?
sensory (afferent)
all bones are derived from ______
mesenchyme
intramembranous ossification
- derived directly from mesenchyme
- mesenchyme models at embryonic, ossification at fetal period
endochondral ossification
- cartilage derived from mesenchyme
- cartilage models from mesenchyme at fetal period and then bone forms from cartilage
how do long bones grow?
endochondral ossification
when mesenchymal cells condense they differentiate into ________
chondroblasts
what cells compose the cartiligenous bone model?
chondroblasts
the periosteal bud is made up of ______ and _____ ____?
periosteal capillaries and osteogenic cells
the primary ossification center is located in the ______
diaphysis
the secondary ossification center is located in the _______
epiphysis
synostosis
the formation of the epiphyseal plates being replaced by bone to form the epiphyseal line
nutrient arteries and veins pass through the shaft of the long bone via the _________ _______
nutrient foramena
what nerves regulate blood flow through bone marrow?
vasomotor
what law states that the nerve supplying the joint also supply the muscles that move the joint and the skin
Hilton’s
concentric contraction example
deltoid muscle shortens to raise are in abduction
eccentric contraction example
deltoid relaxes and lengthen to bring arm down in adducting movement
the structural unit of a muscle is called a ____ _____ and a functional unit of a muscle is called a ____ _____
muscle fiber, motor unit
the outward expansion of the bellies of contracting skeletal muscles in the legs for example, compresses the veins, “milking” the blood superiorly towards heart is known as what process
musculovenous pump
actions of suboccipital triangle muscles are
- extend head on C1
- rotate the head and the C1 on C2 vertebrae
