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Gross lower extremity practical > gross final > Flashcards

gross final Flashcards

1
Q

sesamoid bone which is found imbedded in the lateral head of the origin of the gastrocnemius

A

fabella

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2
Q

Calcaneal Tendon Reflex tests for the segmental innervation of

A

S1 and S2

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3
Q

enters the plantar surface of the foot, it divides into the medial and lateral plantar nerves

A

Tibial Nerve

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4
Q

Tibial Nerve segmental innervation

A

L4-S3

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5
Q

unable to flex toes

Weakened plantar flexion


Weakened inversion of the foot

A

Damage to the Tibial Nerve

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6
Q

larger of the two terminal branches of the popliteal artery

as the vessel enters the plantar surface of the foot it divides into the medial and lateral plantar arteries

A

Posterior Tibial Artery

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7
Q

a condition in which there a narrowing or occlusion of the posterior tibial artery and/or its branches

A

Peripheral Arterial Disease (Intermittent Claudication)

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8
Q

the tibia and fibula are connected by two joints what are they?

A

superior and inferior tibiofibular joints

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9
Q

articulations of this joint are the head of the fibula with the fibular articular facet

classified as plane gliding joint

nerve supply is from the common fibular

A

Superior (Proximal) Tibiofibular Joint

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10
Q

Ligaments Associated with the Superior (Proximal) Tibiofibular Joint

A

Anterior and Posterior Tibiofibular

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11
Q

connects the shaft of the fibula and tibia

A

Interosseous Membrane

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12
Q

articulation of the joint is the fibular notch of the tibia and the lateral malleolar facet of the fibula

a synovial joint but a fibrous joint and classified as a syndesmosis

nerve supply to the joint comes from the deep fibular and tibial

A

Inferior (Distal) Tibiofibular

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13
Q

Ligaments Associated with the Inferior (Distal) Tibiofibular

A

Anterior and Posterior Tibiofibular

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14
Q

articulation associated with the joint are the distal end of the tibia, lateral malleolar fossa
of the fibula and the body of the talus

classified as ginglymus

nerve supply to the joint comes from the deep fibular and tibial nerves

A

ANKLE JOINT (TALOCRURAL)

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15
Q

Ligaments Associated with the ANKLE JOINT (TALOCRURAL)

A

Capsular Ligament

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16
Q 
a very strong ligament which attaches proximally to the medial malleolus of the tibia
 it consists of four distinct portions
1. anterior tibiotalar
2. tibionavicular
3. tibiocalcaneal
4. posterior tibiotalar
A

Deltoid or Medial Ligament

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17
Q 
 on the lateral side of the joint are three distinct ligaments which all attach proximally to the lateral
malleolus of the fibula
 the three distinct ligaments are the:
1. anterior talofibular
2. calcaneofibular
3. posterior talofibular
A

Lateral Ligaments

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18
Q

most vulnerable and commonly damaged ligament of the ankle joint

A

anterior talofibular

(calcaneofibular may also be damaged)

injury almost always occurs due to an inversion type of injury

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19
Q

 this refers to a sprain at the inferior tibiofibular joint (syndesmosis)

these types of injuries are usually far more significant and severe than a classic ankle sprain and require a
greater period of rehabilitation

A

High Ankle Sprain

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20
Q

a fracture that occurs when the foot is forcibly everted (externally rotated)

  1. tearing of the deltoid ligament, which may lead to an avulsion fracture
    of the medial malleolus
  2. a fracture of the shaft of the fibula
  3. fracture of the lateral malleolus
A

Pott’s Fracture (Fracture Dislocation of the Ankle)

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21
Q

Function of the Foot

A

Supports body weight



Provides leverage for locomotion



Serves as a spring to absorb shock. ie. running and jumping

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22
Q

the function of the aponeurosis is to:

A
  1. hold the parts of the foot together
  2. help protect the plantar surface of the foot from injury
  3. help support the longitudinal arches of the foot
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23
Q

overuse injury that causes pain at the medial aspect of the calcaneus and along the medial longitudinal
arch

(first step pain)

A

Plantar Fascitis

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24
Q

known as Jogger’s Foot is a condition in which the tibial nerve and/or the medial plantar nerve are
compressed as they pass deep to the flexor retinaculum

A

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

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25
Q

this is used to test for L4, L5, S1 and S2
 the lateral aspect of the plantar foot is stroked with a blunt object, beginning at the calcaneal tuberosity
(heel) and crossing toward digit one
 the response of this reflex test is flexion of all the digits

A

Plantar Nerve Reflex

26
Q

if the response from the plantar nerve reflex test is abnormal (positive), digits 2-5 will abduct and digit
one will extend

A

THE BABINSKI RESPONSE

could also be indicative of
brain injury

Babinski response is normal in infants,

27
Q

a condition in which the plantar nerves are compressed between the heads of the metatarsals and the
transverse metatarsal ligaments

A

Morton’s Neuroma (Intermetatarsal or Interdigital Neuroma)

28
Q

JOINTS OF THE FOOT

A
  1. subtalar (talocalcaneal)
  2. calcaneocuboid
  3. talonavicular
29
Q

flexion and extension of the digits are associated with what joints

A

metatarsophalangeal and the interphalangeal

30
Q

a very strong ligament which runs from the sustentaculum tali to the tuberosity of the navicular
 it is the major support of the medial longitudinal arch, especially when downward forces of body weight
are applied to the talus bone

A

Plantar Calcaneonavicular Ligament (Spring Ligament)

31
Q

runs from the plantar surface of the calcaneus to the cuboid and the base of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th
metatarsals
 this ligament is also important in maintaining the medial longitudinal arch of the foot

A

Long Plantar Ligament

32
Q

a foot deformity that is characterized by lateral deviation of the MP joint of digit one
 in some individuals the deviation is so extreme that digit one may overlap digit two (inferiorly or
superiorly)

A

Hallux Valgus

usually caused by pressure of footwear and/or arthritis of the foot, but the condition can be congenital

common in females and the incidence increase with age

33
Q

a common deformity of the 2nd and 3rd digits, which can be congenital or due to wearing poorly fitting
shoes

A

Hammer Toe

34
Q

as its name indicates this condition is associated with playing sports on artificial grass surfaces
 the condition is a hyperextension injury at the MP joint of digit one and is due to damage of the plantar
capsular ligament of the joint

A

Turf Toe

35
Q

 a structural foot deformity that is almost always present at birth
 the talus bone is usually malformed and this leads to a shortening and contracture of muscles and
ligaments

A

Club Foot (Talipes Equinovarus)

36
Q

 the term used for a normal foot with normal arches
 the footprint will show five digits plus the anterior and posterior part of the foot, with a narrow strip
joining them
 the main load of the foot will be on the calcaneus

A

Pes Rectus

37
Q

 term used to designate a foot in which there in an inadequacy in the structures which maintain the medial
longitudinal arch and the arch becomes depressed and collapses
 a flat appearance to the foot is normal before the age of two or three and is due to the large amounts of
subcutaneous adipose tissue in the plantar surface of the foot
 as the child gets older and begins to walk, this fat is absorbed and the arch becomes normal

A

Pes Planus

38
Q

 in which the arch is lacking in weight bearing but appears normal in a foot which is not weight bearing
 usually due to loose or degenerative ligaments
 common in childhood
 usually resolves with age, as the ligaments grow and mature
 the condition occasionally persists into adulthood and may or may not be symptomatic

A

Flexible Flat Foot

39
Q

 lacks the arch even when non-weight bearing
 usually due to bone deformities, such as fusion of adjacent tarsal bones
 condition can be congenital or acquired

A

Rigid Flat Foot

40
Q

 is likely to be a secondary consequence of damage to a ligament (i.e. spring ligament) or atrophy of a
muscle (i.e. tibialis posterior)
 common in older individuals due to weight gain or arthritis

A

Acquired Flat Foot (“fallen arches”)

41
Q

 a condition in which the medial longitudinal arch is unduly high
 the term “clawfoot” is often used to describe this condition
 most cases are due to muscle imbalance from a condition such as polio

A

Pes Cavus

42
Q

when bending backward, the………………..and………………….. are brought into
action and prevent the body from falling backward

A

anterior hip, abdominal muscles

43
Q

when bending forward, the……….,……………and……………… are brought into play
and prevent the body from falling forward

A

gluteal, hamstring and spinal muscles

44
Q

the nerve supply to the Iliofemoral joint

A

femoral, obturator and sciatic nerves

45
Q

 it prevents abduction at the hip joint

 it is extrinsic and acts like a rope

A

Pubofemoral

46
Q

 prevents hyperextension and abduction at the joint

 it is extrinsic and acts like a rope

A

Ischiofemoral

47
Q

an intrinsic ligament which is formed by the acetabular labrum as its bridges the acetabular notch

A

Transverse Acetabular Ligament

48
Q

a weak intrinsic ligament which function mainly to conduct a blood vessel to the head of the femur

A

Capitis Femoris Ligament (Ligament of the Head of the Femur)

49
Q

articulating surfaces of the tibial condyles are often referred to as

A

lateral and medial tibial

plateaus

50
Q

nerve supply of the knee joint is supplied by the

A

femoral, obturator, common fibular and tibial nerves

51
Q

forms a loose fibrous investment of the joint, completely surrounding it
 there are a number of openings found in the anterior aspect of the capsular ligament, which allows the
synovial membrane to pass through and form several bursae, which are clinically significant

A

Capsular Ligament

52
Q

lies between the patella and the skin

A

subcutaneous prepatellar

53
Q

lies between the tibial tubercle and the skin

A

subcutaneous infrapatellar

54
Q

which is found between the ligamentum patella and the

tibial tubercle

A

deep infrapatellar

55
Q

lies between the femur and the common tendon of

insertion of the quadriceps

A

suprapatellar

56
Q

 this is the anterior ligament of the joint and represents the original distal common tendon of insertion of
the quadriceps
4
 runs from the apex of the patella to the tibial tubercle
 it plays an important role in maintaining the alignment of the patella relative to the articular surface of
the femur

A

Ligamentum Patella

57
Q

these ligaments are taut when the joint is fully extended and thus contribute to stability when standing

A

Collateral Ligaments

58
Q

 located on the lateral side of the joint
 is superficial and separate from the articular capsule of the joint
 attaches from the lateral epicondyle of the femur (proximally) to the head of the fibula (distally)
 it functions as a wall and prevent lateral movement (abduction) at the joint

A

Lateral (Fibular) Collateral

59
Q

 is located on the medial side of the joint
 it blends with the articular capsule and is directly attached to the medial meniscus
 it attaches to the medial epicondyle of the femur (proximally) and to the medial side of the tibia, just
below the medial condyle (distally)
 it functions as a wall and prevents medial movement (adduction) at the joint

A

Medial (Tibial) Collateral

60
Q

 found on the posterior aspect of the joint
 they both function as walls to prevent hyperextension of the joint
 they also stabilize the posterior aspect of the joint

A

Oblique and Arcuate Popliteal

61
Q

 these are two very strong ligaments which cross each other like an “X” in the center of the joint
 they are named anterior and posterior according to their tibial attachments
 they are the main bonds between the femur and tibia

A

Cruciate Ligaments

Gross lower extremity practical (5 decks)

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