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NE2 > Gross Brain > Flashcards

Gross Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system made up of?

A

The PNS (spinal/cranial nerves sending messages to/from CNS) and CNS (brain and spinal cord. Visceromotor (aka ANS) system has parts in both.

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2
Q

What is the brain composed of?

A

Forebrain
Cerebellum
Brainstem

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3
Q

What is the forebrain composed of?

A

Cerebral Hemispheres

Diencephalon

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4
Q

Where does the brainstem lie?

A

Between forebrain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is grey matter of the spinal cord made of and why does it look light?

A

Made of cell bodies, dendrites, initial part of the axon, axon terminals, and glial cells. Looks light because few myelinated fibers.

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6
Q

What defines a nuclei?

A

It is a collection of cell bodies with common function

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7
Q

What is grey matter in the cerebrum composed of?

A

Variable neural cell bodies mixed myelinated and unmyelinated.

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8
Q

How do we name a tract?

A

1st: origination
2nd: where axons terminate

Ex. Spinocerebellar. Coming FROM the spinal cord, terminating ON the cerebellum.

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9
Q

What are the multiple terms for white matter?

A

Fasciculus, funiculus, peduncle, tract

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10
Q

Lamina II contains ____ and is capped by lamina I which contains ___

A

Lamina II contains substantia gelatinosa and is capped by lamina I which contains the posteromargincal nucleus.

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11
Q

Gracile and cuneate fasciculi are also known as?

A

Posterior dorsal columns. Because they arise from the posterior horns.

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12
Q

The posterolateral (Lissaur) tract lies by which sulcus?

A

Posterolateral sulcus

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13
Q

Which tracts are in the lateral funiculus

A

CLinically important ascending and descending tracts (lateral corticospinal tract and ALS)

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14
Q

Which tracts are in the anterior funiculus

RVAAM

A 
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal
ALS portions
Anterior Corticospinal Tract
Medial longitudinal fasciculus
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15
Q

What important gyri lie in the lateral surface of the frontal lobe?

A

Precentral gyrus

Superior, middle and inferior gyrus

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16
Q

What is housed in the precentral gyrus. A lesion here would cause what?

A

Primary motor cortex. Lesion to motor cortex areas lead to weakness/paralysis on the CONTRALTERAL SIDE.

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17
Q

Where are the premotor and supplementary motor areas and what do they do?

A

Occupy remainder of precentral gyrus and portions of frontal gyri. PLan and initiate voluntary movements.

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18
Q

What is in the inferior gyrus of the frontal lobe? Clinical implications?

A

Usually on the L hemisphere in the inferior gyrus you will find Broca’s area.

Brocas Aphasia= can’t translate thoughts into speech=pt is frustrated.

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19
Q

What does the prefrontal cortex do?

A

exec fx. personality. decision. insight.

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20
Q

What is in the olfactory sulcus of the frontal lobe? What happens to the tract?

A

Olfactory bulb and tract. When the tract attached to the hemisphere, it bifurcates into medial and lateral striae.

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21
Q

What does the prefrontal sulcus contain?

A

Contains the frontal eye field. The frontal eye field projects to nuclei in the midbrain and pons, which projects to III, IV, and VI for eye movement.

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22
Q

What direction do eyes go in an irritation deviation to prefrontal sulcus

A

Deviate eyes away

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23
Q

What direction do eyes go in a DESTRUCTION deviation to prefrontal sulcus

A

Look towards lesion.

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24
Q

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex and what does it do?

A

It is in the postcentral gyrus on the parietal lobe. It controls processing of tactile and proprioceptive info and sensory localization.

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25
Q

What is the inferior parietal lobule involved in? Which hemisphere is this usually found in?

A

Involved in language comprehension. The angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus collectively form a portion of Wernickes. Left hemisphere.

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26
Q

Where is the other portion of Wernickes found. (not on parietal)

A

Other portion is on the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus.

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27
Q

If we have identified the primary somatosensory cortex and Wernickes in parietal, what does the rest of the parietal cortex do?

A

Spatial orientation and directing attention.

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28
Q

What is mapped in the homunculus?

A

Contralateral half of the body is mapped in EACH postcentral gyrus

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29
Q

What is contained on the upper margin of the temporal lobe, extending into the lateral fissure? Clinical implications?

A

The transverse temporal gyri (of Heschl). Forms the primary auditory cortex. Lesions here present as difficulty in interpreting a sound or localizing a sound in space. not deafness.

30
Q

What are the inferior parts of the temporal lobe involved in?

A

Higher-order processing of visual info

31
Q

What is the most medial part of the temporal lobe involved in?

A

Learning & memory

32
Q

The limbic structures are composed of what? What does the limbic lobe do>

A

Cingulate and parahippocampal gyri. Limbic lobe is emotional response, drive, memory

33
Q

Where is the hippocampus?

A

It is folded into the temporal lobe at the hippocampal sulcus

34
Q

Where is the amygdala

A

Beneath the uncus of the temporal lobe

35
Q

What does the insular cortex receive

A

Nociceptive and viscerosensory input. A lesion here may result in the spontaneous loss of addictive behavior.

36
Q

What is contained in the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe? What is the remainder of the occipital lobe?

A

The primary visual cortex is in the calcarine sulcus. Remainder of the lobe is the visual association cortex, involved in higher-order visual processing.

37
Q

What does the diencephalon contain

A

Thalamus (all sensory info but olfactory goes through here)
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus
Subthalamus

38
Q

What does the calcarine sulcus separate?

A

Separates cuneus from the lingual gyrus

39
Q

What happens when we have a lesion of 1 occipital lobe?

A

Loss of visual input from the contralateral 1/2 of visual field of each eye (homonymous hemianopsia)

R occipital lobe lesion = loss of left visual field in each eye

40
Q

Where is the basal nuclei? What does it do?

A

Deep to the cerebral cortex in each hemisphere. Fx in motor. Damage=motor deficits recognizable as characteristic involuntary movements

41
Q

What is the basal ganglia made up of, nuclei wise?

A 
Dorsal basal nuclei (caudate nuclei + lenticular nuclei)
Ventral striatum (Nucleus accumbens + parts of olfactory tubercle)
Ventral pallidum (substantia innominata)
42
Q

What separates the thalamus and caudate from lenticular nuclei?

A

The thalamus and caudate are separate from the lenticular nuclei via the internal capsule.

43
Q

What does the internal capsule contain

A

Contains most of the fibers interconnecting the cerebral cortex and deep structures (thalamus, basal nuclei, brain stem)

44
Q

Arcuate fibers

A

Connect cortical area within the same sulci/gyri

45
Q

Longitudinal/association fibers

A

Connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere

46
Q

Projection tracts

A

Connect cortical area within other body regions. Brain to body. Ex. Corticospinal tract.

47
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects the 2 hemispheres. Lots of axons.

48
Q

Anterior commissure

A

A white matter tract. Commissural fibers to/from the temporal lobe. Especially prominent in inferior parts.

49
Q

The internal capsule is a white matter structure divided into LIMBS. What are the limbs?

AGPSR (a great partner sucks rods)

A 
Anterior limb
Genu
Posterior limb
Sublenticular limb
Retrolenticular limb
50
Q

Retrolenticular limb has 4 fibers. What are they?

rOCCC (ron only carries christmas candy)

A

Optic radiation
Corticotectal
Corticorubral
Corticotegmental

51
Q

Posterior limb has 8 fibers. What are they?

PSP + corticos

A

Palidothalamic

Corticorubral, corticoreticular, corticonigral, corticosubthalamic, corticospinal

Superior thalamic

Parietopontine

52
Q

What fiber is in the genu of the internal capsule?

A

Corticonucleur f

53
Q

The anterior limb of the internal capsule has 3 fibers. What are they?

FAF it up

A

Frontopontine
Anterior thalamic radiation
Frontal eye field f.

54
Q

What do the rostral and causal portions of the medulla contain?

A

Rostral: open. contains part of 4th ventricle.

Caudal: closed. continuous w/ spinal cord.

55
Q

What does the cerebellum do and what is inside of it?

A

FUnctions in sensory info and processing. Influences motoneurons. White matter is in the medullary center, and it is composed of afferent and/or efferent fibers.

56
Q

Where do posterior rootlets and anterior rootlets enter/leave the SC?

A

P: enter via the posterolateral sulcus

A: leave via the anterolateral sulcus

57
Q

Important structures in the posterior horn of spinal cord

A

Substantia gelatinose
Body
Lissauers tract
Clarks nucleus

58
Q

Important structures in the anterior horn of spinal cord

A

Cell bodies of motorneurons supplying skeletal muscle

59
Q

What does the body of the posterior horn do?

A

Interneurons and projection neurons here transmit somatic and visceral information

60
Q

Where is lissauers tract?

A

It is the white matter located between substantia gelatinosa and surface of spinal cord

61
Q

Where is Clarks nucleus and what does it have a role in?

A

Medial base of posterior horn (T1-L2) in lamina VII. Role in sensory processing.

62
Q

What forms the lateral horn?

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons (T1-L3) in the intermediolateral cell column forms the lateral horn. Axons leave via ventral roots.

63
Q

Where is the sacral parasympathetic nucleus

A

Spans S2-S4 in lamina VII. Does not form a distinct lateral horn.

64
Q

Where is the accessory nucleus

A

Medulla-C5 in lamina IX

65
Q

Where is the phrenic nucleus and its fx

A

C3-C5, lamina IX, motor neurons to diaphragm.

66
Q

Where is substantia gelatinosa and what does it do

A

All levels. In Lamina II. Modulates transmission of pain and temp processing.

67
Q

Where do primary afferents terminate?

A

Terminate in the CNS on second order neurons. With few exceptions, primary afferents are ipsilateral.

68
Q

What do second order neurons do?

A

Relay a signal from primary afferents in the periphery to a target in the CNS. Can cross the midline.

69
Q

What do 3rd order neurons do?

A

Relay the message to a final target in a specific cortical area and cortex decides on given output.

70
Q

What are the 3 ascending tracts

A

Posterior columns: touch/proprioception
Spinocerebellar tracts: motor efficiency
Anterolateral system: pain/touch

71
Q

What are the 3 descending tracts

A

Corticospinal tract: voluntary motor ouputs
Vestibulospinal tract: axial and neck motor
Rubrospinal fibers: motor

NE2 (12 decks)

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