Gross Anatomy of upper limb Flashcards
Describe the 4 anatomical planes
- Sagittal: vertical line through the body dividing it into left and right (arrow through head)
- Coronal: vertical line which divides body into anterior and posterior section
- Transverse: line which divides body into superior section and inferior section
- Oblique: line which passes through the body at an angle, different to the other planes
State the name of the two sides of the hand anatomically
How are fingers numbered?
Anterior or palmar surface (palm)
Posterior or dorsal surface (back)
Thumb is one then next is 2,3 etc
State the name of the two sides of the feet and how the numbering of toes works
Dorsal surface (top of foot) Plantar surface (sole of foot) (plantar - plant on ground) Big toe is 1 and then next is 2,3,4,5
What does abduction mean
Moving away from the midline of the body (aliens taking you AWAY - ABDUCTION)
What does adduction mean
Moving towards the midline of the body (ADD - bring things together)
What does flexion mean
A movement that decreases the angle between the two body parts
What does extension mean
A movement that increases the angle between two body parts
What does medial rotation mean
Rotation towards the midline (M for medial - M for midline)
What does lateral rotation mean
Rotation away from the midline
What is the difference between pronation and supination
Supine = lying on back Prone = lying on front
What does elevation mean
Moving superiorly (elevator goes up)
What does depression mean
Moving inferiorly (depressed feeling down)
What does protrusion/protraction mean
Moving anteriorly
What does retrusion/retraction mean
Moving posteriorly
What does dorsiflexion mean
Lifting the foot so it’s superior surface approaches the shin
What does plantar flexion mean
Depressing the foot and elevating the heel
Describe inversion and eversion
Inversion = stand on outside of feet (foot moves to inside of leg) Eversion = stand on inside of feet
Describe the three movements of the thumb
- adduction and abduction occur in the sagittal plane
- flexion and extension occur in coronal plane
- opposition and reposition involve moving the pad of the thumb to the pad if the little finger
#see ABCP1 - LECTURE 4 - DIRECTIONAL TERMS - SLIDE 24#
Name and describe the 4 body cavities found in the head region
- oral: contains teeth and tongue
- nasal: within the nose, contains sinuses
- orbital: contains eyes (orbital UAV - eyes in the sky)
- middle ear: contains the middle ear bones
Label the anatomical regions
See ABCP1 - ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS AND BODY CAVITIES - SLIDE 30
Describe the divisions of the skeletal system
206 bones in the skeleton
2 parts: axial skeleton (80 bones) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
Axial skeleton forms upright axis of the body and provides protection for the brain, spinal cord and vital organs within the thorax
The appendicular skeleton consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic), which are attached to the body
Label the anterior axial skeleton
See lecture 5 articulations and movement
Slide 5
Label the posterior axial skeleton
See lecture 5 articulations and movement
Slide 6
Label the upper half of the appendicular skeleton
See lecture 5 articulations and movement
Slide 7
Label the lower half of the appendicular skeleton
See lecture 5 articulations and movement
Slide 8
Describe the three types of joints
- fibrous joints: bones held together by connective tissue
- cartilaginous joints: bones held together by cartilage
- synovial joints: have synovial cavity and articular capsule and often ligaments
Give 2 examples of fibrous joints
Coronal suture (suture between skull bones) Interosseous membrane and the anterior tibiofibular ligament (syndesmoses between tibia and fibula)
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints
Give 3 examples of where they can be found
Hyaline cartilage Fibrous cartilage (symphysis)
Rib cage
Coxae
Vertebrae
Draw and label a diagram of a synovial joint
See lecture 5 articulations and movement
Slide 18
Label the synovial joint of the knee
See lecture 5 articulations and movement
Slide 19 and 20
What kind of joint is present between the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone
Ball-and-socket
What kind of joint is present between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna
Pivot
What joints are involved in the flexion, extension and hyperextension of the head
Atlanto-occipital and cervical intervertebral joints
What does circumduction mean
Movement of distal end in a circle
What does rotation mean
Bone revolves around it’s own longitudinal axis
What joint is involved in rotation of the head
Atlanto-axial joint
Define a supination movement
Movement of forearm so palms face forward or upward
Define a pronation movement
Movement of the forearm so palms face backward or downward
What joint is involved with the pronation and supination of the hand
Radioulnar joint
What makes up the axillary walls
Lateral wall:
- coracobrachialis muscle
- biceps brachii muscle
Posterior wall:
- subscapularis muscle
- latissimus dorsi muscle
Medial wall:
- serratus anterior muscle
- Ribcage
Anterior wall:
- pectoralis major muscle
What are the three boundaries of the triangular space
Inferior: the superior border of the Teres major
Lateral: the long head of the triceps
Superior: Teres minor or subscapularis
What are the contents of the triangular space
Scapular circumflex vessels
What are the two borders of the triangular interval
Superior: Teres major
Medial: long head of triceps brachii
What are the contents of the triangular interval
The radial nerve
Profounda brachii artery
What are the four boundaries of the quadrangular space
Superior: Teres minor
Inferior: Teres major
Medially: long head of triceps brachii
Laterally: surgical neck of the humerus
What are the contents of the quadrangular space
Axillary nerve
Posterior numeral circumflex vessels
What are the contents of the axilla
Axillary artery and its branches Axillary vein and its tributaries Lymph vessels and lymph nodes Brachial plexus (cords and branches) Proximal biceps brachii heads and coracobrachialis m.
What are the 6 branches of the axillary artery
She tastes like sweet apple pie Superior thoracic artery Thoraco-acromial artery Lateral thoracic artery Subscapular artery Anterior circumflex humeral artery Posterior circumflex humeral artery
What are the functions of the nerves entering the upper limb
Sensory innervation to skin and deep structures
Motor innervation to the muscles
Influence over the diameters of the blood vessels by the sympathetic vasomotor nerves
Sympathetic secretomotor supply to the sweat glands
Draw and label the roots trunks divisions cords and branches of the brachial plexus
See slide 23
Lecture 10 - neurovascular anatomy 1
What is the function of the deltoid muscle
Abduction of the arm beyond the initial 10 degrees accomplished by supraspinatus
What forms the M shape of nerves found in the third part of the axillary artery
Musculocutaneous nerve Lateral root of the median nerve Median nerve Medial root of the median nerve Ulnar nerve
Between which muscles do the roots of the brachial plexus pass through
Anterior and middle scalene muscles
What is the origin of the dorsal scapular nerve and what does it innervate
Origin - C5 root of the brachial plexus
Innervation - rhomboid major and minor muscles
What is the origin of the long thoracic nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: anterior rami of C5, 6 and 7
Innervates: serratus anterior
What is the origin of the suprascapular nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: Superior trunk - receiving fibres from C5 and C6
Innervates: supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles
What is the origin of the subclavian nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: superior trunk - C5 and C6
Innervates: subclavious muscle
What is the origin of the lateral pectoral nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: side branch of lateral cord - C5, 6 and 7
innervates: pectoralis major - some may also pass to pectoralis minor
What is the origin of the musculocutaneous nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: terminal branch of lateral cord - C5,6,7
Innervates: muscles of anterior compartment of arm (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis)
*terminates as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm
What is the origin of the median nerve and what does it innervate
Origin:
- Lateral root: terminal branch of lateral cord
- Medial root: terminal branch of medial cord
Innervates:
- Muscles of anterior forearm compartment (except for flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus)
- Five intrinsic muscles in the thenar half of palm and palmar skin
What is the origin of the medial pectoral nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: side branch of the medial cord (C8 and T1)
Innervates: pectoralis minor and major
What is the origin of the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm and what does it innervate
Origin: side branch of medial cord (C8 and T1)
Innervates: skin of medial side of arm
What is the origin of the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm and what does it innervate
Origin: side branch of medial cord (C8 and T1)
Innervates: skin of medial side of forearm down to wrist
What is the origin of the ulnar nerve and what does it innervate
Origin: larger terminal branch of medial cord (C8 and T1)
Innervates:
- flexor carpi ulnaris
- ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus
- most intrinsic muscles of hand
- skin of hand to medial axial line of digit 4
Upper subscapular nerve origin and innervation
Origin: side branch of posterior cord (C5)
Innervates: superior portion of subscapularis
Lower subscapular nerve origin and innervation
Origin: side branch of posterior cord (C6)
Innervates:
- inferior portion os subscapularis muscle
- Teres major
Thoracodorsal nerve origin and innervation
Origin: side branch of posterior cord (C6,7,8)
Innervates: latissimus dorsi
Axillary nerve origin and innervation
Origin: terminal branch of posterior cord (C5,6)
Innervates:
- deltoid
- Teres minor
Radial nerve origin and innervation
Origin: larger terminal branch of posterior cord (C5,6,7,8 and T1)
Innervates:
- all muscles of posterior compartments of arm and forearm
Trapezius:
Origin, insertion, innervation and action
Origin: Vertebral column
Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle; acromion and spine of scapula
Innervation: Accessory nerve
Action:
- descending (superior) part elevates scapula
- middle fibres retract the scapula
- ascending (inferior) fibres depress the scapula and lower the shoulder
Latissimus dorsi:
Origin, insertion, innervation and action
Origin: lower portion of the back
insertion: floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
action: extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus
Levator scapulae:
Origin, insertion, innervation and action
Origin: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
insertion: medial border of scapula superior to root of scapular spine
innervation: dorsal scapular and cervical nerves
action:
- elevates scapula
- rotates its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula
Rhomboid major and minor
Origin, insertion, innervation and action
Origin: spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae
insertion:
- minor: smooth triangular area at medial end of scapular spine
- major: medial scapular border inferior to rhomboid minor
innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
action:
- retract scapula
- rotate its glenoid cavity inferiorly
- fix scapula to thoracic wall
What are the four rotator cuff muscles
Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
What is the role of the rotator cuff muscles
Stabilise shoulder joint
Assists in holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapula during movements of the shoulder joint
All except supraspinatus are are rotators of the humerus
- it initiates and assists the deltoid in the first 15 degrees of abduction of the arm
What are the 3 branches of the axillary nerve
- Articular branch to the shoulder joint
- anterior terminal branch: winds around the surgical neck of the humerus beneath the deltoid muscle - supplies the deltoid and the skin covering its lower part
- posterior terminal branch: branch to Teres minor muscle and a few branches to the deltoid, then emerges from the posterior border of the deltoid as the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
Supraspinatus:
Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: above scapular spine (supraspinous fossa)
insertion: superior facet of the greater tubercle of humerus
innervation: suprascapular nerve
function: stabilise shoulder joint and abducts shoulder
Infraspinatus
Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: below scapular spine (infraspinous fossa)
insertion: middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus
innervation: suprascapular nerve
function: stabilise shoulder joint and lateral rotation
Teres minor:
Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: lateral border of scapula
insertion: inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
innervation: axillary nerve
function: stabilise shoulder joint and lateral rotation
Subscapularis:
Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: subscapular fosssa
insertion: inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
innervation: upper and lower scapular nerves
function: rotates medially and stabilises shoulder
what are the three muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm and which nerve innervates them
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
musculocutaneous nerve
what are the two joints in the elbow complex
elbow joint
radioulnar joint
which tendons attach to the medial and lateral epicondyle
lateral: common extensor tendon
medial: common flexor tendon
what type of joint is the elbow joint
synovial hinge
What are the two articulations of the elbow joint
- trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus
- head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus
What is the articulation, ligament and movement of the proximal radioulnar joint
Also what type of joint is it
Articulation: head of radius and radial notch of ulnar
Ligament: annular ligament
Movement: supination and pronation
Synovial pivot joint
What is the articulation, ligament and movement of the distal radioulnar joint
Articulation: head of ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius
Ligament: anterior and posterior radio-ulnar ligaments
Movement: pronation and supination of the hand
Which muscles cause pronation and supination of the hand
Pronation: pronation Teres and pronation quadratus
Supination: supinator and biceps brachii
What are the contents of the cubical fossa
Terminal part of the brachial artery Accompanying veins of the arteries Biceps brachii tendon Median nerve Radial nerve
Really need beer to be at my nicest
Radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve
My brother throws rad parties
Median nerve, brachial artery, tendon of biceps, radial nerve
Name the four superficial muscles of the forearm
Pronation Teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Name the muscle of the intermediate later of the forearm
Flexor digitorum superficialis
Name the three deep muscles of the forearm
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus
Name the 6 superficial muscles of the posterior aspect of the forearm
Brachioradialis Extensor carpi radialis longus Extensor carpi radialis brevis Extensor digitorum Extensor digiti minimi Extensor carpi ulnaris
Name the 5 deep muscles of the posterior aspect of the forearm
Supinator Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis Extensor indicis
Biceps brachii
Origin insertion innervation function
Origin:
- short head: coracoid process of scapula
- long head:supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
insertion: radial tubrosity and fascia of forearm
innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
Function:
- supinates forearm
- flexes arm and elbow and shoulder
Coracobrachialis
Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: coracoid process of the scapula
insertion: medial surface of the humerus
innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
function:
- flexion of arm at the shoulder
- weak adduction
Brachialis:
Origin insertion innervation function
Origin: distal half of anterior surface of humerus
insertion: coronoid process and ulna tuberosity
innervation: musculocutaneous nerve and radial nerve
function: flexion at the elbow
What type of joint is the shoulder joint
Synovial
Ball and socket
What is the function of the glenohumeral ligaments
Strengthen the front of the capsule in the shoulder joint
What is the function of rather transverse humeral ligaments
Strengthens the capsule and bridges gap between the two humeral tuberosities
What is the function of the coracohumeral ligament
Strengthens the capsule from above
What is the function of the accessory ligaments (the coracoacromial ligament) in the shoulder joint
Protect the superior aspect of the joint
Name the boned of the hand
Some lovers try positions that they cant handle Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrum Pisiform Trapezium Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
What are the boundaries of the cubical fossa
Superior - an imaginary horizontal line connecting the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Medial - lateral border of pronator Teres muscle
Lateral - medial border of brachoradialis muscle
Superficial (roof) - skin, superficial fascia containing median cubical vein, lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm and the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm, deep fascia reinforced by the bicipital aproneurosis
Deep (floor) - brachialis and supinator muscles
Why would there be particular concern if one were to break their scaphoid
Poor blood supply so recovers poorly
Where is the radiocarpal joint located
Distal end of radius and scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum
Where is the midcarpal joint located
Between the two rows of carpal bones
Where is the carpometacarpal joint located
Between the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal end of the metacarpal bones
What is contained within the carpal tunnel
Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons
Flexor digitorum profundus tendons
Median nerve
Flexor policis longus tendon
Name the ligament that surrounds the head of the radius
Annular ligament
Which nerve is affected in carpal tunnel syndrome
Median nerve
Name the three thenar muscles
Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis
Name the three hypothenar muscles
Abductor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Name the muscles in the adductor pollicis part of the hand
Adductor pollicis
Lumbricals
Volar (palmar) interossei
Dorsa interossei
What muscles does the radial nerve innervate
BEST
Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps
What is the relation of arteries and nerves in the wrist (from lateral to medial side)
NANAN
Superficial radial nerve Radial artery Median nerve Ulnar artery Ulnar nerve
Which nerve innervates all muscles except FCU in the superficial compartment of the forearm
Median nerve
To which bones does the flexor retinaculum attach
It is attached laterally to the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
And is attached medially to the triquetrum, pisiform and hook of hamate
What is the action of the anconeus muscle
Assist the triceps in extension of the forearm
Which 3 superficial extensor muscles are not innervated by a deep branch of the radial nerve
ABE
Anconeus
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris longus
Instead innervated by radial nerve itself
What is the action of the brachioradialis
Flexes elbow
Rotates forearm top mid probe position
What is the function of the extensor carpi radialis longus
Extends and abducts hand at wrist joint
What makes up the dorsal hood (dorsal extensor expansion)
Extensor digitorum Extensor indicis Extensor digiti minimi Palmar and dorsal interossei Lumbrical muscles
