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Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice > Gross Anatomy of upper limb > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of upper limb Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the 4 anatomical planes

A
  1. Sagittal: vertical line through the body dividing it into left and right (arrow through head)
  2. Coronal: vertical line which divides body into anterior and posterior section
  3. Transverse: line which divides body into superior section and inferior section
  4. Oblique: line which passes through the body at an angle, different to the other planes
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2
Q

State the name of the two sides of the hand anatomically

How are fingers numbered?

A

Anterior or palmar surface (palm)
Posterior or dorsal surface (back)
Thumb is one then next is 2,3 etc

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3
Q

State the name of the two sides of the feet and how the numbering of toes works

A 
Dorsal surface (top of foot)
Plantar surface (sole of foot) (plantar - plant on ground)
Big toe is 1 and then next is 2,3,4,5
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4
Q

What does abduction mean

A

Moving away from the midline of the body (aliens taking you AWAY - ABDUCTION)

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5
Q

What does adduction mean

A

Moving towards the midline of the body (ADD - bring things together)

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6
Q

What does flexion mean

A

A movement that decreases the angle between the two body parts

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7
Q

What does extension mean

A

A movement that increases the angle between two body parts

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8
Q

What does medial rotation mean

A

Rotation towards the midline (M for medial - M for midline)

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9
Q

What does lateral rotation mean

A

Rotation away from the midline

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10
Q

What is the difference between pronation and supination

A 
Supine = lying on back
Prone = lying on front
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11
Q

What does elevation mean

A

Moving superiorly (elevator goes up)

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12
Q

What does depression mean

A

Moving inferiorly (depressed feeling down)

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13
Q

What does protrusion/protraction mean

A

Moving anteriorly

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14
Q

What does retrusion/retraction mean

A

Moving posteriorly

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15
Q

What does dorsiflexion mean

A

Lifting the foot so it’s superior surface approaches the shin

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16
Q

What does plantar flexion mean

A

Depressing the foot and elevating the heel

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17
Q

Describe inversion and eversion

A 
Inversion = stand on outside of feet (foot moves to inside of leg)
Eversion = stand on inside of feet
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18
Q

Describe the three movements of the thumb

A
  • adduction and abduction occur in the sagittal plane
  • flexion and extension occur in coronal plane
  • opposition and reposition involve moving the pad of the thumb to the pad if the little finger
    #see ABCP1 - LECTURE 4 - DIRECTIONAL TERMS - SLIDE 24#
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19
Q

Name and describe the 4 body cavities found in the head region

A
  • oral: contains teeth and tongue
  • nasal: within the nose, contains sinuses
  • orbital: contains eyes (orbital UAV - eyes in the sky)
  • middle ear: contains the middle ear bones
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20
Q

Label the anatomical regions

A

See ABCP1 - ANATOMICAL DIRECTIONAL TERMS AND BODY CAVITIES - SLIDE 30

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21
Q

Describe the divisions of the skeletal system

A

206 bones in the skeleton
2 parts: axial skeleton (80 bones) and appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
Axial skeleton forms upright axis of the body and provides protection for the brain, spinal cord and vital organs within the thorax
The appendicular skeleton consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs and girdles (pectoral and pelvic), which are attached to the body

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22
Q

Label the anterior axial skeleton

A

See lecture 5 articulations and movement

Slide 5

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23
Q

Label the posterior axial skeleton

A

See lecture 5 articulations and movement

Slide 6

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24
Q

Label the upper half of the appendicular skeleton

A

See lecture 5 articulations and movement

Slide 7

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25
Q

Label the lower half of the appendicular skeleton

A

See lecture 5 articulations and movement

Slide 8

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26
Q

Describe the three types of joints

A
  • fibrous joints: bones held together by connective tissue
  • cartilaginous joints: bones held together by cartilage
  • synovial joints: have synovial cavity and articular capsule and often ligaments
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27
Q

Give 2 examples of fibrous joints

A 
Coronal suture (suture between skull bones)
Interosseous membrane and the anterior tibiofibular ligament (syndesmoses between tibia and fibula)
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28
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints

Give 3 examples of where they can be found

A 
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrous cartilage (symphysis)

Rib cage
Coxae
Vertebrae

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29
Q

Draw and label a diagram of a synovial joint

A

See lecture 5 articulations and movement

Slide 18

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30
Q

Label the synovial joint of the knee

A

See lecture 5 articulations and movement

Slide 19 and 20

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31
Q

What kind of joint is present between the femur and the acetabulum of the hip bone

A

Ball-and-socket

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32
Q

What kind of joint is present between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna

A

Pivot

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33
Q

What joints are involved in the flexion, extension and hyperextension of the head

A

Atlanto-occipital and cervical intervertebral joints

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34
Q

What does circumduction mean

A

Movement of distal end in a circle

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35
Q

What does rotation mean

A

Bone revolves around it’s own longitudinal axis

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36
Q

What joint is involved in rotation of the head

A

Atlanto-axial joint

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37
Q

Define a supination movement

A

Movement of forearm so palms face forward or upward

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38
Q

Define a pronation movement

A

Movement of the forearm so palms face backward or downward

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39
Q

What joint is involved with the pronation and supination of the hand

A

Radioulnar joint

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40
Q

What makes up the axillary walls

A

Lateral wall:

  • coracobrachialis muscle
  • biceps brachii muscle

Posterior wall:

  • subscapularis muscle
  • latissimus dorsi muscle

Medial wall:

  • serratus anterior muscle
  • Ribcage

Anterior wall:
- pectoralis major muscle

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41
Q

What are the three boundaries of the triangular space

A

Inferior: the superior border of the Teres major
Lateral: the long head of the triceps
Superior: Teres minor or subscapularis

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42
Q

What are the contents of the triangular space

A

Scapular circumflex vessels

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43
Q

What are the two borders of the triangular interval

A

Superior: Teres major
Medial: long head of triceps brachii

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44
Q

What are the contents of the triangular interval

A

The radial nerve

Profounda brachii artery

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45
Q

What are the four boundaries of the quadrangular space

A

Superior: Teres minor
Inferior: Teres major
Medially: long head of triceps brachii
Laterally: surgical neck of the humerus

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46
Q

What are the contents of the quadrangular space

A

Axillary nerve

Posterior numeral circumflex vessels

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47
Q

What are the contents of the axilla

A 
Axillary artery and its branches
Axillary vein and its tributaries
Lymph vessels and lymph nodes
Brachial plexus (cords and branches)
Proximal biceps brachii heads and coracobrachialis m.
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48
Q

What are the 6 branches of the axillary artery

A 
She tastes like sweet apple pie
Superior thoracic artery
Thoraco-acromial artery
Lateral thoracic artery
Subscapular artery
Anterior circumflex humeral artery
Posterior circumflex humeral artery
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49
Q

What are the functions of the nerves entering the upper limb

A

Sensory innervation to skin and deep structures
Motor innervation to the muscles
Influence over the diameters of the blood vessels by the sympathetic vasomotor nerves
Sympathetic secretomotor supply to the sweat glands

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50
Q

Draw and label the roots trunks divisions cords and branches of the brachial plexus

A

See slide 23

Lecture 10 - neurovascular anatomy 1

51
Q

What is the function of the deltoid muscle

A

Abduction of the arm beyond the initial 10 degrees accomplished by supraspinatus

52
Q

What forms the M shape of nerves found in the third part of the axillary artery

A 
Musculocutaneous nerve
Lateral root of the median nerve
Median nerve
Medial root of the median nerve 
Ulnar nerve
53
Q

Between which muscles do the roots of the brachial plexus pass through

A

Anterior and middle scalene muscles

54
Q

What is the origin of the dorsal scapular nerve and what does it innervate

A

Origin - C5 root of the brachial plexus

Innervation - rhomboid major and minor muscles

55
Q

What is the origin of the long thoracic nerve and what does it innervate

A

Origin: anterior rami of C5, 6 and 7
Innervates: serratus anterior

56
Q

What is the origin of the suprascapular nerve and what does it innervate

A

Origin: Superior trunk - receiving fibres from C5 and C6
Innervates: supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles

57
Q

What is the origin of the subclavian nerve and what does it innervate

A

Origin: superior trunk - C5 and C6
Innervates: subclavious muscle

58
Q

What is the origin of the lateral pectoral nerve and what does it innervate

A

Origin: side branch of lateral cord - C5, 6 and 7
innervates: pectoralis major - some may also pass to pectoralis minor

59
Q

What is the origin of the musculocutaneous nerve and what does it innervate

A

Origin: terminal branch of lateral cord - C5,6,7
Innervates: muscles of anterior compartment of arm (coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis)

*terminates as lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm

60
Q

What is the origin of the median nerve and what does it innervate

A

Origin:

  • Lateral root: terminal branch of lateral cord
  • Medial root: terminal branch of medial cord

Innervates:

  • Muscles of anterior forearm compartment (except for flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus)
  • Five intrinsic muscles in the thenar half of palm and palmar skin
61
Q

What is the origin of the medial pectoral nerve and what does it innervate

A

Origin: side branch of the medial cord (C8 and T1)
Innervates: pectoralis minor and major

62
Q

What is the origin of the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm and what does it innervate

A

Origin: side branch of medial cord (C8 and T1)
Innervates: skin of medial side of arm

63
Q

What is the origin of the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm and what does it innervate

A

Origin: side branch of medial cord (C8 and T1)
Innervates: skin of medial side of forearm down to wrist

64
Q

What is the origin of the ulnar nerve and what does it innervate

A

Origin: larger terminal branch of medial cord (C8 and T1)

Innervates:

  • flexor carpi ulnaris
  • ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus
  • most intrinsic muscles of hand
  • skin of hand to medial axial line of digit 4
65
Q

Upper subscapular nerve origin and innervation

A

Origin: side branch of posterior cord (C5)
Innervates: superior portion of subscapularis

66
Q

Lower subscapular nerve origin and innervation

A

Origin: side branch of posterior cord (C6)
Innervates:
- inferior portion os subscapularis muscle
- Teres major

67
Q

Thoracodorsal nerve origin and innervation

A

Origin: side branch of posterior cord (C6,7,8)
Innervates: latissimus dorsi

68
Q

Axillary nerve origin and innervation

A

Origin: terminal branch of posterior cord (C5,6)
Innervates:
- deltoid
- Teres minor

69
Q

Radial nerve origin and innervation

A

Origin: larger terminal branch of posterior cord (C5,6,7,8 and T1)
Innervates:
- all muscles of posterior compartments of arm and forearm

70
Q

Trapezius:

Origin, insertion, innervation and action

A

Origin: Vertebral column
Insertion: Lateral third of clavicle; acromion and spine of scapula
Innervation: Accessory nerve
Action:
- descending (superior) part elevates scapula
- middle fibres retract the scapula
- ascending (inferior) fibres depress the scapula and lower the shoulder

71
Q

Latissimus dorsi:

Origin, insertion, innervation and action

A

Origin: lower portion of the back

insertion: floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus
innervation: thoracodorsal nerve
action: extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus

72
Q

Levator scapulae:

Origin, insertion, innervation and action

A

Origin: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae

insertion: medial border of scapula superior to root of scapular spine
innervation: dorsal scapular and cervical nerves
action:
- elevates scapula
- rotates its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

73
Q

Rhomboid major and minor

Origin, insertion, innervation and action

A

Origin: spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae

insertion:
- minor: smooth triangular area at medial end of scapular spine
- major: medial scapular border inferior to rhomboid minor
innervation: dorsal scapular nerve
action:
- retract scapula
- rotate its glenoid cavity inferiorly
- fix scapula to thoracic wall

74
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles

A

Subscapularis
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

75
Q

What is the role of the rotator cuff muscles

A

Stabilise shoulder joint
Assists in holding the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapula during movements of the shoulder joint

All except supraspinatus are are rotators of the humerus
- it initiates and assists the deltoid in the first 15 degrees of abduction of the arm

76
Q

What are the 3 branches of the axillary nerve

A
  • Articular branch to the shoulder joint
  • anterior terminal branch: winds around the surgical neck of the humerus beneath the deltoid muscle - supplies the deltoid and the skin covering its lower part
  • posterior terminal branch: branch to Teres minor muscle and a few branches to the deltoid, then emerges from the posterior border of the deltoid as the upper lateral cutaneous nerve of the arm
77
Q

Supraspinatus:

Origin insertion innervation function

A

Origin: above scapular spine (supraspinous fossa)

insertion: superior facet of the greater tubercle of humerus
innervation: suprascapular nerve
function: stabilise shoulder joint and abducts shoulder

78
Q

Infraspinatus

Origin insertion innervation function

A

Origin: below scapular spine (infraspinous fossa)

insertion: middle facet of greater tubercle of the humerus
innervation: suprascapular nerve
function: stabilise shoulder joint and lateral rotation

79
Q

Teres minor:

Origin insertion innervation function

A

Origin: lateral border of scapula

insertion: inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
innervation: axillary nerve
function: stabilise shoulder joint and lateral rotation

80
Q

Subscapularis:

Origin insertion innervation function

A

Origin: subscapular fosssa

insertion: inferior facet of greater tubercle of humerus
innervation: upper and lower scapular nerves
function: rotates medially and stabilises shoulder

81
Q

what are the three muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm and which nerve innervates them

A

Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis

musculocutaneous nerve

82
Q

what are the two joints in the elbow complex

A

elbow joint

radioulnar joint

83
Q

which tendons attach to the medial and lateral epicondyle

A

lateral: common extensor tendon
medial: common flexor tendon

84
Q

what type of joint is the elbow joint

A

synovial hinge

85
Q

What are the two articulations of the elbow joint

A
  • trochlear notch of the ulna and the trochlea of the humerus
  • head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus
86
Q

What is the articulation, ligament and movement of the proximal radioulnar joint
Also what type of joint is it

A

Articulation: head of radius and radial notch of ulnar
Ligament: annular ligament
Movement: supination and pronation

Synovial pivot joint

87
Q

What is the articulation, ligament and movement of the distal radioulnar joint

A

Articulation: head of ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius
Ligament: anterior and posterior radio-ulnar ligaments
Movement: pronation and supination of the hand

88
Q

Which muscles cause pronation and supination of the hand

A

Pronation: pronation Teres and pronation quadratus
Supination: supinator and biceps brachii

89
Q

What are the contents of the cubical fossa

A 
Terminal part of the brachial artery
Accompanying veins of the arteries
Biceps brachii tendon
Median nerve
Radial nerve

Really need beer to be at my nicest
Radial nerve, biceps tendon, brachial artery, median nerve

My brother throws rad parties
Median nerve, brachial artery, tendon of biceps, radial nerve

90
Q

Name the four superficial muscles of the forearm

A

Pronation Teres
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
Flexor carpi ulnaris

91
Q

Name the muscle of the intermediate later of the forearm

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

92
Q

Name the three deep muscles of the forearm

A

Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollicis longus
Pronator quadratus

93
Q

Name the 6 superficial muscles of the posterior aspect of the forearm

A 
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
94
Q

Name the 5 deep muscles of the posterior aspect of the forearm

A 
Supinator
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor indicis
95
Q

Biceps brachii

Origin insertion innervation function

A

Origin:
- short head: coracoid process of scapula
- long head:supraglenoid tubercle of scapula
insertion: radial tubrosity and fascia of forearm
innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
Function:
- supinates forearm
- flexes arm and elbow and shoulder

96
Q

Coracobrachialis

Origin insertion innervation function

A

Origin: coracoid process of the scapula

insertion: medial surface of the humerus
innervation: musculocutaneous nerve
function:
- flexion of arm at the shoulder
- weak adduction

97
Q

Brachialis:

Origin insertion innervation function

A

Origin: distal half of anterior surface of humerus

insertion: coronoid process and ulna tuberosity
innervation: musculocutaneous nerve and radial nerve
function: flexion at the elbow

98
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder joint

A

Synovial

Ball and socket

99
Q

What is the function of the glenohumeral ligaments

A

Strengthen the front of the capsule in the shoulder joint

100
Q

What is the function of rather transverse humeral ligaments

A

Strengthens the capsule and bridges gap between the two humeral tuberosities

101
Q

What is the function of the coracohumeral ligament

A

Strengthens the capsule from above

102
Q

What is the function of the accessory ligaments (the coracoacromial ligament) in the shoulder joint

A

Protect the superior aspect of the joint

103
Q

Name the boned of the hand

A 
Some lovers try positions that they cant handle
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
104
Q

What are the boundaries of the cubical fossa

A

Superior - an imaginary horizontal line connecting the medial epicondyle of the humerus to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Medial - lateral border of pronator Teres muscle
Lateral - medial border of brachoradialis muscle
Superficial (roof) - skin, superficial fascia containing median cubical vein, lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm and the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm, deep fascia reinforced by the bicipital aproneurosis
Deep (floor) - brachialis and supinator muscles

105
Q

Why would there be particular concern if one were to break their scaphoid

A

Poor blood supply so recovers poorly

106
Q

Where is the radiocarpal joint located

A

Distal end of radius and scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum

107
Q

Where is the midcarpal joint located

A

Between the two rows of carpal bones

108
Q

Where is the carpometacarpal joint located

A

Between the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal end of the metacarpal bones

109
Q

What is contained within the carpal tunnel

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons
Flexor digitorum profundus tendons
Median nerve
Flexor policis longus tendon

110
Q

Name the ligament that surrounds the head of the radius

A

Annular ligament

111
Q

Which nerve is affected in carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Median nerve

112
Q

Name the three thenar muscles

A

Flexor pollicis brevis
Abductor pollicis brevis
Opponens pollicis

113
Q

Name the three hypothenar muscles

A

Abductor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis

114
Q

Name the muscles in the adductor pollicis part of the hand

A

Adductor pollicis
Lumbricals
Volar (palmar) interossei
Dorsa interossei

115
Q

What muscles does the radial nerve innervate

A

BEST

Brachioradialis
Extensors
Supinator
Triceps

116
Q

What is the relation of arteries and nerves in the wrist (from lateral to medial side)

A

NANAN

Superficial radial nerve
Radial artery
Median nerve
Ulnar artery
Ulnar nerve
117
Q

Which nerve innervates all muscles except FCU in the superficial compartment of the forearm

A

Median nerve

118
Q

To which bones does the flexor retinaculum attach

A

It is attached laterally to the tubercles of the scaphoid and trapezium
And is attached medially to the triquetrum, pisiform and hook of hamate

119
Q

What is the action of the anconeus muscle

A

Assist the triceps in extension of the forearm

120
Q

Which 3 superficial extensor muscles are not innervated by a deep branch of the radial nerve

A

ABE

Anconeus
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi ulnaris longus

Instead innervated by radial nerve itself

121
Q

What is the action of the brachioradialis

A

Flexes elbow

Rotates forearm top mid probe position

122
Q

What is the function of the extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Extends and abducts hand at wrist joint

123
Q

What makes up the dorsal hood (dorsal extensor expansion)

A 
Extensor digitorum
Extensor indicis
Extensor digiti minimi
Palmar and dorsal interossei 
Lumbrical muscles

Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice (4 decks)

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