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Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice > Gross Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis > Flashcards

Gross Anatomy of the Abdomen and Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

what bounds the anterolateral abdominal wall superiorly and inferiorly

A

Superiorly:
- 7th through 10th costal cartilages and xiphoid process

Inferiorly:
- Inguinal ligaments and the pelvic bones.

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2
Q

what will cause a narrow scar and what will cause a wide scar in relation to incisions made along or across a cleavage line

A

An incision along a cleavage line will heal as a narrow scar, while one that crosses the lines will heal as a wide scar

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3
Q

what is the cutaneous nerve supply of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

Is derived from the anterior rami of the lower six thoracic and first lumbar nerves

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4
Q

what is the blood supply of the skin near the midline of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

Skin near the midline is supplied by branches of the superior epigastric artery (br. of internal thoracic artery) and the inferior epigastric artery ( br. of external iliac artery)

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5
Q

what is the blood supply of skin of the flanks of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

Skin of the flanks is supplied by branches from the intercostal, lumbar, and deep circumflex arteries

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6
Q

describe the two layers of superficial fascia of the anterolateral abdominal wall

A

Fatty layer or fascia of camper is continuous with the superficial fat over the rest of the body and may be extremely thick in obese patients

The membranous layer or scarpa’s fascia is thin and fades out laterally and above - this is located under the camper fascia

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7
Q 
External oblique:
origin
insertion
innervation
action
A
  • external surfaces of 5th-12th ribs (lower 8)
  • linea alba, pubic tubercle, and iliac crest
  • thoracic-abdominal nerves (T7-11 spinal nerves) and subcostal nerve
  • compresses and supports abdominal viscera and flexes and rotates trunk
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8
Q 
Internal oblique:
origin
insertion
innervation
action
A
  • thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest
  • Linea alba, pubis, last 3 ribs
  • thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T6-T12 spinal nerves) and first lumbar nerve
  • compresses and supports abdominal viscera and flexes and rotates trunk
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9
Q 
Transversus abdominis:
origin
insertion
innervation
action
A
  • Inguinal ligament, thoracolumbar fascia, cartilage of last 6 ribs, iliac crest
  • Linea alba, pubis
  • thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T6-T12 spinal nerves) and first lumbar nerve
  • Compress abdominal contents
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10
Q 
Rectus abdominis:
origin
insertion
innervation
action
A
  • Pubis
  • Xiphoid process, costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
  • thoraco-abdominal nerves (anterior rami of T6-T12 spinal nerves)
  • trunk flexion
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11
Q

function of the Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall

A

Compress abdominal organs:

  • raise intra-abdominal pressure: defecation, childbirth, micturition,flatulence, vomiting
  • raise intra-thoracic pressure: laughing, coughing, shouting

Stabilize back (posture)

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12
Q

what type of tendon allows the internal oblique and transverses abdominis to insert together on the pubis

A

a conjoint tendon

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13
Q 
Pyramidalis:
origin
insertion
innervation
action

what is abnormal about this muscle

A

pubis
linea alba
T12
tense linea alba

absent in 1/5 people

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14
Q

what are the contents of the rectus sheath

A
  • Rectus abdominis
  • Pyramidalis
  • Anterior rami of T7-12
  • Superior & inferior epigastric vessels
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15
Q

what intercostal nerves make up the thorax-abdominal nerves

A

T7-11

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16
Q

what makes the subcostal nerve

A

T12

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17
Q

at what level does the abdominal aorta divide into the L & R Common iliac arteries

A

L4

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18
Q

what forms the two lateral umbilical folds

A

due to underlying inferior epigastric vessels

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19
Q

what forms the two medial umbilical folds

A

ue to underlying medial umbilical ligaments (remnants of fetal umbilical arteries)

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20
Q

what forms the median umbilical fold

A

due to underlying median umbilical ligament

remnant of fetal urachus which drained urine from the bladder –> umbilicus

21
Q

describe the Superficial lymphatic drainage of lymphatics above and below the umbilicus

A

above = axillary nodes

below = superficial inguinal nodes

22
Q

describe the Deep lymphatic drainage of the abdomen

A

drain to deeper nodes and then drain to the cisterns chyli

23
Q

what are the anterior border, posterior border, roof and floor of the inguinal canal

A

Anteriorly: Aponeurosis of External Oblique
& laterally reinforced by Internal Oblique lying superficial to the deep ring

Posteriorly: Transversalis fascia
& medially reinforced by the conjoint tendon lying posterior to the superficial ring

Roof: The arching fibers of the internal oblique & transversus abdominis

Floor: Inguinal ligament

24
Q

how might an indirect inguinal hernia occur in males

A

Just before birth, the testes are pulled through the abdominal wall carrying with them a sac-like extension of the abdominal wall called the processus vaginalis

The connection between the abdomen & the sac surrounding the testicle should disappear - if NOT - Indirect inguinal hernia may result

25
Q

what are the contents of the inguinal canal

A

Spermatic cord (♂)/ Round Ligament of the Uterus (♀)

Genital branch of the Genitofermoral nerve

Ilioinguinal nerve

26
Q

what is the difference between an indirect (congenital) and direct inguinal hernia

A

Indirect:
The intestine goes through the deep ring and into the INguinal canal, & may emerge at the superficial ring

Direct:
The intestine goes through a weak area/tear in the abdominal wall (e.g. Hesselbach’s triangle a.k.a. medial inguinal fossa, which is directly posterior to the superficial ring

27
Q

what are the boundaries of Hesselbach’s inguinal triangle a.k.a medial inguinal fossa

A

inferior epigastric vessels

rectus abdominis (lateral edge)

inguinal ligament

see L36
S 35

28
Q

define peritoneal cavity

A

The peritoneal cavity is the fluid-filled space between these 2 layers it contains peritoneal fluid that reduces friction between the wall/organs & immune cells to prevent infection.

29
Q

define visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum

A

Peritoneum is a mesothelium (like the pericardium & pleura) that consists of 2 continuous layers:
• Parietal peritoneum lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity
• Visceral peritoneum lines most of the abdominal organs

30
Q

define retroperitoneal (primarily and secondarily)

A

see lecture 37 slide 3

Primarily Retroperitoneal: Organs on posterior wall, covered by peritoneum only on anterior surface

Secondarily Retroperitoneal: Initially intraperitoneal but was pushed against posterior wall during development & fused to the posterior abdominal wall

31
Q

what does Intraperitoneal mean

A

see lecture 37 slide 3

Intraperitoneal: covered by visceral peritoneum, and suspended by a mesentery/ligament

32
Q

at what level does the oesophagus perforate the diaphragm

A

t10

33
Q

what is the differences between the jejunum and the ileum

A

see lecture 37 slide 11

34
Q

what ligament if found between the liver and diaphragm

A

coronary ligament

35
Q

what is the name of the ligament between the liver an anterior abdominal wall

A

falciform ligament

36
Q

what are the boundaries of the mental foramen

A

lecture 37

slide 19

37
Q

name three functions of the greater omentum

A
  • fat storage
  • insulation and protection
  • passively moves and adheres to inflamed organs to isolate inflammation
38
Q

what is contained within the portal triad

A
  • Common Bile Duct
  • Hepatic Artery (proper)
  • Hepatic Portal Vein
39
Q

what is jaundice and what are some of the causes

A

Bilirubin buildup in tissues

Causes:

  • Liver disease
  • Blockage of bile duct
  • Excess RBC breakdown
  • Newborn jaundice - Caused by increased RBC turnover & insufficient bilirubin clearance by the immature liver
40
Q

a patient experiences Intermittent intense spasmodic right upper quadrant pain after a meal. The pain relieves after a while.
what is the most likely cause of this

A

Gallstones:

Intermittent intense spasmodic right upper quadrant pain after a meal (biliary colic). This happens when the gallbladder tries to contract against a temporarily blocked duct. The pain relieves when gallbladder relaxes and stone falls away from duct
If the common bile duct is blocked & inflamed (cholangitis) it can cause: • Jaundice if bile cannot
be excreted
• Pancreatitis if blockage

41
Q

where do the veins of the spleen, stomach and intestine drain to

A

the hepatic portal vein

42
Q

what is the function of the thoracolumbar fascia

A
  • Separate muscle into compartments

- Stabilization of trunk when flexed

43
Q

Which spinal nerves form the phrenic nerves?

A

C 3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive!

44
Q

at what level are the kidneys found

A

T12-L3

45
Q

why does the right kidney lie slightly more inferiorly compared to the left

A

The Right kidney lies slightly more inferiorly due to the liver

46
Q

describe the blood supply and blood drainage of the Adrenal (aka Suprarenal) Glands

A

Blood supply: 3 suprarenal arteries supply each gland:

  • Superior (from inferior phrenic a)
  • Middle (from aorta)
  • Inferior (from renal a)

Blood Drainage: 1 suprarenal vein
(on the R this drains to the IVC, on the L it drains to the L renal vein)

47
Q

what are the Three structures are attached to the cornu

A
  • round ligament anteriorly,
  • uterine tube centrally,
  • ovarian ligament posteriorly.
48
Q

what are the three subcomponents of the broad ligament in females

A

Mesometrium - the mesentery of the uterus; the largest portion of the broad ligament.
Mesosalpinx- the mesentery of the Fallopian tube.
Mesovarium - the mesentery of the ovaries.

49
Q

where do the right and left testicular veins drain to

A

Right testicular vein drains to inferior vena cava

Left testicular vein drains to left renal vein

Anatomical Basis Of Clinical Practice (4 decks)

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