Gross Anatomy of the Skeletal System

Question 1

What does the skull do? (4)

Answer 1

1. shields brain
2. shields special sense organs
3. shields cranial parts of respiratory and digestive systems
4. provides attachments for head and neck muscles

Question 2

What makes up the skull? (2)

Answer 2

cranium + mandible

Question 3

What is the infraorbital canal? What is the entrance and exit?

Answer 3

bony canal that runs from orbit to face that transmits infraorbital artery and nerve

entrance: maxillary foramen
exit: infraorbital foramen

Question 4

Where does the spinal cord enter?

Answer 4

foramen magnum

Question 5

Where is one of the attachment sites for neck muscles?

Answer 5

nuchal crest

Question 6

What is the difference between the sagittal crest and the temporal muscle lines?

Answer 6

Sagittal crest - seen in animals that have a large temporalis muscle which attaches there and attaches to the top of the skull

Temporal muscle lines - seen in animals that have a small temporalis muscle that is not large enough to stretch to the top of the skull

Question 7

What attaches to the mastoid process? (2)

Answer 7

1. mastoid muscle
2. hyoid attachment

Question 8

What part of the skull articulates with the atlas?

Answer 8

occipital condyle

Question 9

Where does the mandible articulate with the skull?

Answer 9

condyloid process articulates at the mandibular fossa at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

Question 10

What is the mandibular symphysis?

Answer 10

suture down the midline of mandible - depends on mastication method of animal

Question 11

What part of the skull do nerves of the olfactory bulb innervate?

Answer 11

cribriform plate

Question 12

What is the function of the hyoid apparatus?

Answer 12

for tongue muscle attachment

Question 13

Differentiate between the atlas and the axis. What do they allow?

Answer 13

Atlas - carries the globe (skull); articulates with occipital condyles (atlantooccipital joint) of skull
- allows YES motion

Axis - below atlas
- allows NO motion

Question 14

What two parts create the neural arch?

Answer 14

pedicle and lamina

Question 15

What is the nuchal ligament?

Answer 15

ligament that rubs from occipital region of skull to the thoracic(?) - fan like structure that allows head to be held steady

Question 16

Where are the intraspinous ligaments located?

Answer 16

between parts of the spine

Question 17

Where are supraspinous ligaments located?

Answer 17

on top of spine

Question 18

What is the anticlinal vertebrae?

Answer 18

T11; it is the only spinous process that is completely vertical

Question 19

Describe how the flexor surfaces change as you move down the limb.

Answer 19

the surface changes as you move down the limb

Question 20

What is the fetlock?

Answer 20

joint between cannon bone, proximal sesamoid bones, and first phalanx

Question 21

What are the splint bones remnants of?

Answer 21

digits II and IV

Question 22

What digits do cows and goats have?

Answer 22

digits III and IV

Question 23

What digit does a horse have?

Answer 23

digit III

Question 24

How does the cruciate ligament work? How do injuries occur?

Answer 24

one ligament tightens and one loosens when flexing or extending - this helps with stability

when in extension, cranial cruciate ligament is tight and caudal cruciate ligament is loose, preventing hyperextension of knee - if caudal cruciate ligament would be tight, it would snap

Question 25

What is the suspensory apparatus? How does it work?

Answer 25

muscle “turns into” ligaments and tendons

when knee is flexed, tendon (which used to be muscle) that runs from femur to cannon bone also flexes the hock - works as a pulley system

Question 26

What is the stay apparatus?

Answer 26

patellar ligament is separated, which locks patella in place
- this allow for less energy to be used when sleeping standing up