Gross Anatomy of the Skeletal System Flashcards
What does the skull do? (4)
- shields brain
- shields special sense organs
- shields cranial parts of respiratory and digestive systems
- provides attachments for head and neck muscles
What makes up the skull? (2)
cranium + mandible
What is the infraorbital canal? What is the entrance and exit?
bony canal that runs from orbit to face that transmits infraorbital artery and nerve
entrance: maxillary foramen
exit: infraorbital foramen
Where does the spinal cord enter?
foramen magnum
Where is one of the attachment sites for neck muscles?
nuchal crest
What is the difference between the sagittal crest and the temporal muscle lines?
Sagittal crest - seen in animals that have a large temporalis muscle which attaches there and attaches to the top of the skull
Temporal muscle lines - seen in animals that have a small temporalis muscle that is not large enough to stretch to the top of the skull
What attaches to the mastoid process? (2)
- mastoid muscle
- hyoid attachment
What part of the skull articulates with the atlas?
occipital condyle
Where does the mandible articulate with the skull?
condyloid process articulates at the mandibular fossa at the temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
What is the mandibular symphysis?
suture down the midline of mandible - depends on mastication method of animal
What part of the skull do nerves of the olfactory bulb innervate?
cribriform plate
What is the function of the hyoid apparatus?
for tongue muscle attachment
Differentiate between the atlas and the axis. What do they allow?
Atlas - carries the globe (skull); articulates with occipital condyles (atlantooccipital joint) of skull
- allows YES motion
Axis - below atlas
- allows NO motion
What two parts create the neural arch?
pedicle and lamina
What is the nuchal ligament?
ligament that rubs from occipital region of skull to the thoracic(?) - fan like structure that allows head to be held steady
Where are the intraspinous ligaments located?
between parts of the spine
Where are supraspinous ligaments located?
on top of spine
What is the anticlinal vertebrae?
T11; it is the only spinous process that is completely vertical
Describe how the flexor surfaces change as you move down the limb.
the surface changes as you move down the limb
What is the fetlock?
joint between cannon bone, proximal sesamoid bones, and first phalanx
What are the splint bones remnants of?
digits II and IV
What digits do cows and goats have?
digits III and IV
What digit does a horse have?
digit III
How does the cruciate ligament work? How do injuries occur?
one ligament tightens and one loosens when flexing or extending - this helps with stability
when in extension, cranial cruciate ligament is tight and caudal cruciate ligament is loose, preventing hyperextension of knee - if caudal cruciate ligament would be tight, it would snap
What is the suspensory apparatus? How does it work?
muscle “turns into” ligaments and tendons
when knee is flexed, tendon (which used to be muscle) that runs from femur to cannon bone also flexes the hock - works as a pulley system
What is the stay apparatus?
patellar ligament is separated, which locks patella in place
- this allow for less energy to be used when sleeping standing up
