Gross Anatomy of the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

what % of total resting oxygen is used by the brain?

A

20%

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2
Q

what are the parts of the forebrain?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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3
Q

What are the parts of the midbrain?

A

mesencephalon

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4
Q

what are the parts of the hindbrain?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

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5
Q

What are the parts of the telencephalon?

A

cerebral hemispheres, hippocampus, basal ganglia and amygdala

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6
Q

what are the parts of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

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7
Q

what are the parts of the mesencephalon?

A

tectum and tegmentum

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8
Q

what are the parts of the metencephalon?

A

pons and cerebellum

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9
Q

what are the parts of the myelencephalon

A

medulla

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10
Q

what is the telencephalon responsible for?

A

Higher brain functions- learning, memory and emotions

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11
Q

What are the major cortical segments of the telencephalon

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal, limbic and occipital lobe as well as corpus callosum

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12
Q

what structures can be found in frontal lobe?

A
  • central sulcus
  • precentral gyrus
  • superior,middle and inferior frontal gyri
  • Broca’s speech area
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13
Q

What structures can be found in the temporal lobe?

A
  • Lateral (sylvian) fissure
  • superior temporal sulcus
  • superior temporal gyrus
  • middle and inferior temporal gyri
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14
Q

What structures can be found in the Parietal lobe?

A

Wernike’s speech area

primary somatosensory cortex

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15
Q

what structures are in the occipital lobe?

A
  • calcarine sulcus, cuneate and lingual gyri

- primary visual cortex

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16
Q

what stuctures are found in the limbic lobe?

A

cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
uncus

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17
Q

The CNS is ______ symmetrical, but the cortex displays ________ asymmetry; lateralization of brain function

A

bilaterally; functional

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18
Q

what are the functions of the left brain?

A

Language
Numerical Skills
Reasoning abilities
Considered more analytical than the right side

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19
Q

What are the functions of the right brain?

A

Processes new unfamiliar faces
Decodes and processes patterns, music, spatial relations
Takes in the “whole”
Considered more creative than the left side

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20
Q

Motor Aphasia

A

Broca lesion – mechanical part of articulation is impaired

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21
Q

Sensory Aphasia

A

Wernicke lesion-Processing of language is impaired

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22
Q

What are the largest parts of the homunculus?

A

Face, lips, tongue and hands

-smaller receptive fields with lots of neural input

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23
Q

Is Area 4 motor or sensory?

A

motor

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24
Q

is layer 4 motor or sensory?

A

sensory; larger in somatosensory area

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25
Q

is layer 5 motor or sensory?

A

motor; will be larger in motor areas

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26
Q

what is area (321)? is it sensory or motor?

A

post-central gyrus; sensory

27
Q

where must everything stop before it goes to the cortex?

A

thalamus!

28
Q

what area is Borman’s 17?

A

occipital lobe: visual projection cortex

29
Q

What area is Broman’s 4

A

pre-central gyrus: primary motor cortex

30
Q

What area is Broman’s 123

A

post-central gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex

31
Q

what are is Broman’s 41 & 42

A

MIddle 1/3 of superior temporal cortex: auditory projection cortex

32
Q

What area is Broman’s 44,45, 46

A

Broca’s area (44): motor association cortex; specific to speech

33
Q

what makes up the limbic lobe?

A

the cingulate gyrus

34
Q

what is the Corpus Callosum?

A

connects commisural fibers (layer 3) between hemispheres

35
Q

what is the function of the limbic system?

A

major role in modulating functions normally associated with the hypothalamus; emotions; visceral (hormone dependent)
- closed circuit of connections starting and ending in the hippocampus

36
Q

describe the flow of information through the limbic system

A
  • entorhinal area sends info to hippocampus
  • hippocampus sends out information via the fornix
  • fornix synapes on mamillary bodies of hypothalamus
  • Hypothalamus sends info to the thalamic nucleus
37
Q

what input does not go to the thalamus?

A

olfactory input; connected to the cingula te gyrus via posterior orbitofrontal cortex

38
Q

What marks the beginning of the hippocampus

A

the uncus

39
Q

what is the output axon of the hippocampus?

A

the fornix

40
Q

what are the cortical structures of the Diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • hypothalamus, including mamillary bodies
  • cranial nerve II: Optic nerve, chiasim and tract
  • 3rd ventricle
41
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

relay station to/from the cerebral cortex

42
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

autonomic and neuroendocrine functions

-hunger, thirst, sex drive

43
Q

what is the function of 3rd Ventricle?

A

helps maintain environment of diencephalon

44
Q

where are the 2 hemispheres first joined

A

diencephalon

45
Q

what makes up the walls of the 3rd ventricle?

A

left and right thalamus

46
Q

what is the purpose of the pons?

A
  • relay station to the cerebellum
  • houses CN V, VI and VII
  • respiratory control centers
  • long motor and sensory tracts
47
Q

what goes to the MGN?

A

auditory information

48
Q

what goes to the LGN?

A

visual information

49
Q

what does the pineal gland regulate?

A

sleep

50
Q

what are the structures of the mesencephalon?

A
  • tectum (superior and inferior colliculus)
  • tegmentum
  • cerebral penducles
  • cranial nerves III and IV
  • cerebral aqueduct ( aqueduct of sylvius)
51
Q

what is the infundibulum?

A

connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland

52
Q

what is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

connects 3rd and 4th ventricle together.

53
Q

what is the function of the superior colliculus?

A

involved in tracking motions of the eye and head movement

54
Q

what is the function of the inferior colliculus?

A

part of the auditory pathway

55
Q

what are the structures of the metencephalon

A

pons
cerebellum
V, VI, VII

56
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A
  • integrates sensory perception and motor output
  • talks to cerebrum
  • provides info about body’s position in time and space
  • problems will result in disorders of fine movement, equilibrium, posture and motor learning.
57
Q

structures of the myelencephalon ( medulla)

A
  • 4th ventricle
  • pyramidal tracts (aka pyramids)
  • inferior olive
  • cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, and XII
58
Q

what is the medulla structurally made of

A

ribbed structure made of 4 columns; fascicles of axon bundles relaying sensory information through medulla to brain; cell bodies in DRG

59
Q

what are the names of the 2 central columns on the medulla

A

Fasciculus Gracilis; information from ower body left and right side T6 and below

60
Q

What are the names of the 2 lateral columns on the medulla

A

Fasciculus Cuneatus; information from upper body T5 and above

61
Q

Splenium

A

posterior part of Corpus Callosum where visual fibers travel from side to side

62
Q

Body

A

middle part of corpus callosum where motor and sensory fibers travel

63
Q

septum pellucidum

A

is closure that demarks where the lateral ventricles are; prevents mixing of the CSF of the two ventricles

64
Q

Anterior Commisure

A

connects the left and right temporal lobe.