Gross Anatomy of the Brain Flashcards
what % of total resting oxygen is used by the brain?
20%
what are the parts of the forebrain?
Telencephalon and Diencephalon
What are the parts of the midbrain?
mesencephalon
what are the parts of the hindbrain?
Metencephalon and myelencephalon
What are the parts of the telencephalon?
cerebral hemispheres, hippocampus, basal ganglia and amygdala
what are the parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
what are the parts of the mesencephalon?
tectum and tegmentum
what are the parts of the metencephalon?
pons and cerebellum
what are the parts of the myelencephalon
medulla
what is the telencephalon responsible for?
Higher brain functions- learning, memory and emotions
What are the major cortical segments of the telencephalon
Frontal, temporal, parietal, limbic and occipital lobe as well as corpus callosum
what structures can be found in frontal lobe?
- central sulcus
- precentral gyrus
- superior,middle and inferior frontal gyri
- Broca’s speech area
What structures can be found in the temporal lobe?
- Lateral (sylvian) fissure
- superior temporal sulcus
- superior temporal gyrus
- middle and inferior temporal gyri
What structures can be found in the Parietal lobe?
Wernike’s speech area
primary somatosensory cortex
what structures are in the occipital lobe?
- calcarine sulcus, cuneate and lingual gyri
- primary visual cortex
what stuctures are found in the limbic lobe?
cingulate gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
uncus
The CNS is ______ symmetrical, but the cortex displays ________ asymmetry; lateralization of brain function
bilaterally; functional
what are the functions of the left brain?
Language
Numerical Skills
Reasoning abilities
Considered more analytical than the right side
What are the functions of the right brain?
Processes new unfamiliar faces
Decodes and processes patterns, music, spatial relations
Takes in the “whole”
Considered more creative than the left side
Motor Aphasia
Broca lesion – mechanical part of articulation is impaired
Sensory Aphasia
Wernicke lesion-Processing of language is impaired
What are the largest parts of the homunculus?
Face, lips, tongue and hands
-smaller receptive fields with lots of neural input
Is Area 4 motor or sensory?
motor
is layer 4 motor or sensory?
sensory; larger in somatosensory area
is layer 5 motor or sensory?
motor; will be larger in motor areas
what is area (321)? is it sensory or motor?
post-central gyrus; sensory
where must everything stop before it goes to the cortex?
thalamus!
what area is Borman’s 17?
occipital lobe: visual projection cortex
What area is Broman’s 4
pre-central gyrus: primary motor cortex
What area is Broman’s 123
post-central gyrus: primary somatosensory cortex
what are is Broman’s 41 & 42
MIddle 1/3 of superior temporal cortex: auditory projection cortex
What area is Broman’s 44,45, 46
Broca’s area (44): motor association cortex; specific to speech
what makes up the limbic lobe?
the cingulate gyrus
what is the Corpus Callosum?
connects commisural fibers (layer 3) between hemispheres
what is the function of the limbic system?
major role in modulating functions normally associated with the hypothalamus; emotions; visceral (hormone dependent)
- closed circuit of connections starting and ending in the hippocampus
describe the flow of information through the limbic system
- entorhinal area sends info to hippocampus
- hippocampus sends out information via the fornix
- fornix synapes on mamillary bodies of hypothalamus
- Hypothalamus sends info to the thalamic nucleus
what input does not go to the thalamus?
olfactory input; connected to the cingula te gyrus via posterior orbitofrontal cortex
What marks the beginning of the hippocampus
the uncus
what is the output axon of the hippocampus?
the fornix
what are the cortical structures of the Diencephalon?
- Thalamus
- hypothalamus, including mamillary bodies
- cranial nerve II: Optic nerve, chiasim and tract
- 3rd ventricle
what is the function of the thalamus?
relay station to/from the cerebral cortex
what is the function of the hypothalamus?
autonomic and neuroendocrine functions
-hunger, thirst, sex drive
what is the function of 3rd Ventricle?
helps maintain environment of diencephalon
where are the 2 hemispheres first joined
diencephalon
what makes up the walls of the 3rd ventricle?
left and right thalamus
what is the purpose of the pons?
- relay station to the cerebellum
- houses CN V, VI and VII
- respiratory control centers
- long motor and sensory tracts
what goes to the MGN?
auditory information
what goes to the LGN?
visual information
what does the pineal gland regulate?
sleep
what are the structures of the mesencephalon?
- tectum (superior and inferior colliculus)
- tegmentum
- cerebral penducles
- cranial nerves III and IV
- cerebral aqueduct ( aqueduct of sylvius)
what is the infundibulum?
connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
what is the cerebral aqueduct?
connects 3rd and 4th ventricle together.
what is the function of the superior colliculus?
involved in tracking motions of the eye and head movement
what is the function of the inferior colliculus?
part of the auditory pathway
what are the structures of the metencephalon
pons
cerebellum
V, VI, VII
What is the function of the cerebellum
- integrates sensory perception and motor output
- talks to cerebrum
- provides info about body’s position in time and space
- problems will result in disorders of fine movement, equilibrium, posture and motor learning.
structures of the myelencephalon ( medulla)
- 4th ventricle
- pyramidal tracts (aka pyramids)
- inferior olive
- cranial nerves VIII, IX, X, and XII
what is the medulla structurally made of
ribbed structure made of 4 columns; fascicles of axon bundles relaying sensory information through medulla to brain; cell bodies in DRG
what are the names of the 2 central columns on the medulla
Fasciculus Gracilis; information from ower body left and right side T6 and below
What are the names of the 2 lateral columns on the medulla
Fasciculus Cuneatus; information from upper body T5 and above
Splenium
posterior part of Corpus Callosum where visual fibers travel from side to side
Body
middle part of corpus callosum where motor and sensory fibers travel
septum pellucidum
is closure that demarks where the lateral ventricles are; prevents mixing of the CSF of the two ventricles
Anterior Commisure
connects the left and right temporal lobe.
