Gross Anatomy and Localisation of Function

Question 1

Cell body

Answer 1

Most prominent part of cell
Filled with cytoplasm and cytosol
Contains nucleus, RER, SER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria

Question 2

Neuronal membrane

Answer 2

Barrier that encloses the cytoplasm
Studded with proteins; pump substances in/out of cell, regulates which substance gain entry to cell
Structure of discrete membrane influences neuronal function

Question 3

Cytoskeleton

Answer 3

Not static
Internal scaffolding of neuronal membrane
Made of microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments

Question 4

Cytoskeleton - microtubules

Answer 4

Protein transfer down the axon

Question 5

Cytoskeleton - microfilaments

Answer 5

allows cell to change shape

Question 6

Cytoskeleton - neurofilaments

Answer 6

Mechanically strong

Holds skeleton together

Question 7

Alzheimers and the Cytoskeleton

Answer 7

Loss of brain function as a result of damage to the cytoskeleton
- Shinkage: atrophy occurs
- Tau proteins become defective (braids unwind); neurofibrillary tangles
Severity of alzheimers correlates with number, distribution of neurofibrillary

Question 8

Axonal Structures

Answer 8

Axon hillock (beginning) 
Axon proper (middle) 
Axon terminal (end)

Question 9

Axon vs Soma

Answer 9

ER doesn’t extend into axon

Unique protein composition

Question 10

Dendrites

Answer 10

Number of dendrites determines number of synapses that can be formed

• collect info from many neurons
• more synapses = more info to process, integrate

Question 11

Glia Cells

Answer 11

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia

Question 12

Astrocytes

Answer 12

Fills space between neurons

Regulate chemical content if extracellular space (can interfere with function of the neuron)

Question 13

Myelinating glia

Answer 13

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and schwann cells (PNS)

Question 14

Oligodendrocyte/Schwann cells

Answer 14

Provides layers of membrane insulating the axon

Question 15

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 15

Progressive neurological disease that destroys myelin
Impacts on conduction
Eventually causes the neurons to die
= muscular weakness, tremor, impaired coordination, visual problems

Question 16

Ependymal Cells

Answer 16

Lines the fluid filled ventricles

Plays a role in cell birth and migration during brain development

Question 17

Microglia

Answer 17

Function as phagocytes

Question 18

Layers of the Spinal cord

Answer 18

Skull, dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater, subarachnoid space

Question 19

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Answer 19

Bleeding into subarachnoid space

Can either occur spotaneously or caused by trauma

Question 20

Ventricles

Answer 20

Creates CSF 
Carries nutrients to the brain 
Removes debris 
Provides cushioning 
Provides buoyancy

Question 21

Hydrocephalus

Answer 21

Obstruction within the ventricular system

Question 22

Epidural Hematoma

Answer 22

bleeding between the dura mater and the skull

Question 23

Subdural hematoma

Answer 23

Bleeding between the arachnoid mater and dura mater
Ventricle functioning impaired; not as buoyant, not as efficient in producing CSF/removing debris, affects surrounding tissue

Question 24

Cerebrum

Answer 24

Major structure of the forebrain

Consists of two identical hemisphere

Question 25

Cerebellum

Answer 25

Coordination of motor, other mental processes

Question 26

Brain stem

Answer 26

Central structures of the brain Hind brain, mid brain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pons, medulla Responsible for unconscious behaviour

Question 27

Pons

Answer 27

hearing, equilibrium, taste, facial sensation, sleep | Locked in syndrome - extremely paralysed, affects all aspects, cognition intact

Question 28

Medulla

Answer 28

breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing

Question 29

Brainstem stroke

Answer 29

affects motor pathways (dysarthria, swallowing)

Question 30

Gyrus

Answer 30

Small bump; folding of cerebral cortex

Question 31

Sulci

Answer 31

Groove; found in neocortex, cerebellum | Responsible for large surface area

Question 32

Fissure

Answer 32

Very deep sulcus

Question 33

Internal Brain Features

Answer 33

``` Grey matter (cell bodies, nuclei) White matter (myelinated axons) Ventricles ```

Question 34

Corpus Callosum

Answer 34

Fibre system connecting the two cerebral hemispheres Allows communication between the two hemispheres Dense bands of fibres/white matter sheets Bands of axons 200 million fibres

Question 35

Four Ventricles

Answer 35

Two lateral ventricles Third ventricle Fourth ventricle

Question 36

Occipital Lobe

Answer 36

Cortical processing of visual info

Question 37

Pure alexia without agraphia

Answer 37

Occipital lobe affected | Total inability to read, writing isnt affected

Question 38

Temporal lobe

Answer 38

Includes auditory cortex and wernicke's area (important for language comprehension)

Question 39

Medial temporal cortex

Answer 39

Hippocampus, memory, alzheimers/amnesias

Question 40

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 40

Largest region of the brain Supports cognitive functions (planning, inhibition, problem-solving, organisation, impulse control, adjust/regulate behaviour) Issues = depression, schizophrenia

Question 41

Primary Motor Cortex

Answer 41

Volitional non-reflexive mocememnt

Question 42

Broca's Area

Answer 42

Speech production | Comprehension-focussed

Question 43

Frontotemporal dementia

Answer 43

Apathy, withdrawal, irritability, self-centredness, difficulty reasoning,lack of judgement, emotionally distant, criminal behaviour, obessions and compulsions, false thoughts and delusions, overeating and food fads, diminished social tact

Question 44

Parietal Lobe

Answer 44

Temperature, touch, awareness of body in space, critical for swallowing Parietal stroke - not integrating touch, visual neglect

Question 45

Association cortex

Answer 45

Higher order functions | Integrating info