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Cognitive Neuroscience > Aphasia > Flashcards

Aphasia Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral hypoxia

A

deficiency of needed oxygen to the brain

Caused by smoke inhalation, head trauma, choking, carbon monoxide poisoning, drowning, drug overdose, stroke

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2
Q

Middle cerebral hypoxia

A

inattentiveness, poor decision making, reduced coordination

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3
Q

Severe hypoxia

A

unresponsive, fall into coma, stop breathing

Considered brain dead when only blood pressure and heart beat

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4
Q

Blood supply to the brain

A 
Aorta (main body to heart) 
Internal carotid (80% blood supply) 
Vertebral artery (20% blood supply)
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5
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

Converge near the base of the pons to form basilar artery, splits to form the posterior cerebral arteries

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6
Q

Internal carotids

A

Branch from middle cerebral arteries and anterior cerebral arteries

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7
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

A

Supplies the lateral surface of the brain
Includes language region (Broca’s, Wernicke’s)
Primary sensory cortex, motor cortex

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8
Q

MCA Deficits

A

Paralysis of one side of body/one side of face
Dysarthria
Left MCA - aphasia
Right MCA - r. hem language disorder

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9
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A

Supplies the front and medial cortical surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes
Incl prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex

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10
Q

ACA Deficits

A 
Higher order cognitive functions (prefrontal cortex) 
Motor difficulties (legs and feet)
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11
Q

Posterior Cerebral Arteries

A

Supplies the anterior and inferior temporal lobe, inferior and medial occipital lobe
Stems from basilar artery

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12
Q

PCA - Deficits

A

Visual processing difficulties
Cortical blindess
Alexia (write but not read)

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13
Q

Vertebral Basilar System (Posterior Circulation)

A

Stems from the subclavian arteries
- continue along the ventrolateral surface of medulla after entering the skull
Forms the single basilar artery; travels along the midline of the pons

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14
Q

VBS - Deficits

A

Stroke (manipulation of the neck)
Fine motor control/coordination
Motor speech disorders

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15
Q

Blood Supply to the Cerebellum

A

Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar

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16
Q

Stroke

A

“An insult to the central nervous system on a primary vascular basis”
Vessel is either blocked/bleeds causing part of brain to be deprived to be deprived of oxygen/nutrients
Affect the cerebral hemispheres, sub-cortical structures, the brainstem, the cerebellum, spinal cord

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17
Q

Impact of Stroke

A

Onset is sudden
Brief disruption of blood supply causing lasting effect on brain tissue
Leading cause of aphasia

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18
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Lack of blood flow (due to clot) depriving it of fuel and oxygen
80-85% of stroke

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19
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Release of blood into the brain and spaces within the cranium
Collection of blood cuts off connecting pathways
Causes localised and generalised pressure on surrounding tissue
Biochemical substances released during/after the bleed affect brain tissue

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20
Q

Thrombosis

A

Obstruction of blood flow due to clot

Causes ischemic stroke

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21
Q

Embolism

A

Substance travels through blood vessel (not necessarily a clot)
(Causes ischemic stroke)

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22
Q

Forms of haemorrhagic stroke

A

Intracerebral haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Subdural/epidural haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage

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23
Q

Intracerbral haemorrhage

A

Bleeding from a vessel within the brain

HBP - puts pressure on artery walls

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24
Q

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

Rupture of aneurysm, bleeding from an arteriouvenous malformation

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25
Q

Subdural/epidural haemorrhage

A

Occurs within those layers in the skull

26
Q

Subarachnoid

A 
Aneurysm (most common) 
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
27
Q

Signs of stroke

A

Sudden severe headache with no cause
Numbness/weakness to the face, arm/leg, especially one side of the body
Alteration of conscious state
Speech disturbance
Visual field deficits
Cognitive inpairment including confusion, trouble speaking/understanding
Motor/sensory dysfunction - trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance/coordination, poor motor control of face

28
Q

Transient Ischemic Attack

A

Temporary/brief focal cerebral event that doesn’t lead to permanent damage
Due to temporary blockage of brain vessel
Symptoms short lived; seconds - 24 hours
Majority of TIAs resolve in less than an hour

29
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Production
- non-fluent; some apraxia/dysarthria
Reduced syntactic complexity
Strong reliance on memorised formulaic expressions
Impairment of closed-class words (grammatical elements)
Comprehension
- relatively preserved
Repetition
- Disrupted (esp longer words, grammatical words)
- Better than spontaneous speech, still disrupted

30
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Production
- fluent, sometimes excessive
- frequent paraphasias (phonemic/semantic errors)
- Morphological and syntactic substitutions
- Strong reliance on memorised formulaic expressions
- Poor insight into deficits
Comprehension
- Impaired for sentences
Repetition
- Disrupted; word choice, phonology, grammar

31
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A

Production
- more fluent vs Brocas, less than Wernicke’s
- frequent paraphasias (phonemic errors)
Comprehension
- Relatively preserved
- Problems occur with long complex sentences with high STM demands
Repetition
- Disrupted (esp longer words)

32
Q

Global Aphasia

A 
Production
- Severely impaired
Comprehension 
- Severely impaired
Repetition 
- Severely impaired
33
Q

Anomia

A 
Production
- fluent, with hesitations
- marked word finding difficulties 
Comprehension 
- relatively preserved 
Repetition 
- Relatively preserved
34
Q

Localisation Theory

A

Mental operations are localised to discrete brain regions, represented by distributed networks of brain areas

35
Q

Localisation Theory - Assumptions

A

Direct correspondences can be drawn between brain structure and function

36
Q

Localisation Theory - Evidence

A

Tan - autopsy revealed involvement of Wernicke’s area as well
Focal Broca area infractions with no Broca’s aphasia
Agrammatism with no damage to Broca’s area
(Feature of Broca’s aphasia) Lead to questioning of direct mapping of language functions to structural areas

37
Q

Localisation Theory - Limitations

A

Specific regions may be relevant for language, but not dedicated soley for language
Functions don’t rely on a single discrete part of the brain

38
Q

Connectionist View of Aphasia

A 
Representations are activation patterns
Processing is spreading activation
Triangle model - bidirectional flow 
- single phonogical system and orthographic system for input and output
- No lexical representation
39
Q

Connectionist View of Aphasia - Positives

A

Provides a conceptual model for how semantic representations activated the lexical representation which activate the phonological representations

40
Q

Cognitive Neuropsychological Approach

A

Individual pattern of breakdown is more useful than relying on group data

41
Q

Phonological Input Lexicon

A

Deciding which is a real word; must access knowledge about phonology of words
Consult mental dictionary = phonological input lexicon

42
Q

Orthographic Input Lexicon

A

Deciding real word - must access orthographic knowledge (spelling)

43
Q

Phonological Output Lexicon

A

If the word has been pronounced before, phonological representation is accessed using phonological knowledge

44
Q

Word frequency - Critical Variables

A

High freq words are easier vs low freq at lexical level
(frequency effect)
Assessment - compare performance on high and low freq. words

45
Q

Imageability - Critical Variables

A

Highly imageable are easier to access
Esp if difficulties at semantic level
Imageability effect
Assessment - compare performance on abstract vs concrete words

46
Q

Word length - Critical Variables

A

Shorter words easier to produce vs longer if difficulties with phonological assembly
Words with regular spelling are easier vs irregular spelling

47
Q

Lexicality - Critical Variables

A

Real words easier than non-words

48
Q

Semantic errors

A

“Leopard” - tiger

49
Q

Phonological errors

A

“Truck” - trup/stuck

50
Q

Unrelated errors

A

“Chair” - bottle

51
Q

Semantic Lexicon - Disorder and Behaviour

A 
Disorder
- category loss/degradation
- generalised degradation 
- access problem
Behaviour 
- failure to define/sort words into specific categories 
- semantic paraphasias
52
Q

Phonological Lexicon - Disorder and Behaviour

A 
Disorder 
- Impaired word form representation
- disorder of phonological control 
Behaviour 
- anomic circumlocation
- neologistic jargon 
- semantic errors
53
Q

Phonological Assembly -Disorder and Behaviour

A

Disorder
- Impaired phoneme selection and seriation
Behaviour
- phonemic paraphasia

54
Q

Phonetic planning - Disorder and Behaviour

A

Disorder
- Impaired phoneme selection and seriation
Behaviour
- Apraxia of speech

55
Q

Articulation

A

Disorder
- Neuromotor damage
Behaviour
- Dysarthria

56
Q

Negatives of CNP

A

Reliance on single-case studies
Lack of info in model; consists of descriptive, box-and-arrow diagrams
Doesn’t provide insight into how therapy works

57
Q

Positives of CNP

A

Fine-grained theory driven examination of language and cognitive processing
Identification of indiv. strengths and weaknesses to identify impairments, facilitate possible targets for treatment

58
Q

Main principles of modularity

A

Functional modularity
Anatomical modularity
Universality of cognitive systems
Subtractivity

59
Q

Anatomical modularity

A

some localisation in the brain

60
Q

Universality of cognitive systems

A

Everyone essentially has the same cognitive systems

61
Q

Subtractivity

A

Brain lesions destroy, damage or impair components of the normal cognitive system

Cognitive Neuroscience (11 decks)

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