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Aphasia Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebral hypoxia

A

deficiency of needed oxygen to the brain

Caused by smoke inhalation, head trauma, choking, carbon monoxide poisoning, drowning, drug overdose, stroke

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2
Q

Middle cerebral hypoxia

A

inattentiveness, poor decision making, reduced coordination

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3
Q

Severe hypoxia

A

unresponsive, fall into coma, stop breathing

Considered brain dead when only blood pressure and heart beat

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4
Q

Blood supply to the brain

A 
Aorta (main body to heart) 
Internal carotid (80% blood supply) 
Vertebral artery (20% blood supply)
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5
Q

Vertebral arteries

A

Converge near the base of the pons to form basilar artery, splits to form the posterior cerebral arteries

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6
Q

Internal carotids

A

Branch from middle cerebral arteries and anterior cerebral arteries

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7
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

A

Supplies the lateral surface of the brain
Includes language region (Broca’s, Wernicke’s)
Primary sensory cortex, motor cortex

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8
Q

MCA Deficits

A

Paralysis of one side of body/one side of face
Dysarthria
Left MCA - aphasia
Right MCA - r. hem language disorder

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9
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A

Supplies the front and medial cortical surfaces of the frontal and parietal lobes
Incl prefrontal cortex, primary motor cortex

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10
Q

ACA Deficits

A 
Higher order cognitive functions (prefrontal cortex) 
Motor difficulties (legs and feet)
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11
Q

Posterior Cerebral Arteries

A

Supplies the anterior and inferior temporal lobe, inferior and medial occipital lobe
Stems from basilar artery

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12
Q

PCA - Deficits

A

Visual processing difficulties
Cortical blindess
Alexia (write but not read)

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13
Q

Vertebral Basilar System (Posterior Circulation)

A

Stems from the subclavian arteries
- continue along the ventrolateral surface of medulla after entering the skull
Forms the single basilar artery; travels along the midline of the pons

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14
Q

VBS - Deficits

A

Stroke (manipulation of the neck)
Fine motor control/coordination
Motor speech disorders

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15
Q

Blood Supply to the Cerebellum

A

Superior cerebellar artery
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
Posterior inferior cerebellar

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16
Q

Stroke

A

“An insult to the central nervous system on a primary vascular basis”
Vessel is either blocked/bleeds causing part of brain to be deprived to be deprived of oxygen/nutrients
Affect the cerebral hemispheres, sub-cortical structures, the brainstem, the cerebellum, spinal cord

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17
Q

Impact of Stroke

A

Onset is sudden
Brief disruption of blood supply causing lasting effect on brain tissue
Leading cause of aphasia

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18
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

Lack of blood flow (due to clot) depriving it of fuel and oxygen
80-85% of stroke

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19
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Release of blood into the brain and spaces within the cranium
Collection of blood cuts off connecting pathways
Causes localised and generalised pressure on surrounding tissue
Biochemical substances released during/after the bleed affect brain tissue

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20
Q

Thrombosis

A

Obstruction of blood flow due to clot

Causes ischemic stroke

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21
Q

Embolism

A

Substance travels through blood vessel (not necessarily a clot)
(Causes ischemic stroke)

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22
Q

Forms of haemorrhagic stroke

A

Intracerebral haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Subdural/epidural haemorrhage
Subarachnoid haemorrhage

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23
Q

Intracerbral haemorrhage

A

Bleeding from a vessel within the brain

HBP - puts pressure on artery walls

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24
Q

Subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

Rupture of aneurysm, bleeding from an arteriouvenous malformation

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25
Subdural/epidural haemorrhage
Occurs within those layers in the skull
26
Subarachnoid
``` Aneurysm (most common) Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) ```
27
Signs of stroke
Sudden severe headache with no cause Numbness/weakness to the face, arm/leg, especially one side of the body Alteration of conscious state Speech disturbance Visual field deficits Cognitive inpairment including confusion, trouble speaking/understanding Motor/sensory dysfunction - trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance/coordination, poor motor control of face
28
Transient Ischemic Attack
Temporary/brief focal cerebral event that doesn't lead to permanent damage Due to temporary blockage of brain vessel Symptoms short lived; seconds - 24 hours Majority of TIAs resolve in less than an hour
29
Broca's Aphasia
Production - non-fluent; some apraxia/dysarthria Reduced syntactic complexity Strong reliance on memorised formulaic expressions Impairment of closed-class words (grammatical elements) Comprehension - relatively preserved Repetition - Disrupted (esp longer words, grammatical words) - Better than spontaneous speech, still disrupted
30
Wernicke's Aphasia
Production - fluent, sometimes excessive - frequent paraphasias (phonemic/semantic errors) - Morphological and syntactic substitutions - Strong reliance on memorised formulaic expressions - Poor insight into deficits Comprehension - Impaired for sentences Repetition - Disrupted; word choice, phonology, grammar
31
Conduction Aphasia
Production - more fluent vs Brocas, less than Wernicke's - frequent paraphasias (phonemic errors) Comprehension - Relatively preserved - Problems occur with long complex sentences with high STM demands Repetition - Disrupted (esp longer words)
32
Global Aphasia
``` Production - Severely impaired Comprehension - Severely impaired Repetition - Severely impaired ```
33
Anomia
``` Production - fluent, with hesitations - marked word finding difficulties Comprehension - relatively preserved Repetition - Relatively preserved ```
34
Localisation Theory
Mental operations are localised to discrete brain regions, represented by distributed networks of brain areas
35
Localisation Theory - Assumptions
Direct correspondences can be drawn between brain structure and function
36
Localisation Theory - Evidence
Tan - autopsy revealed involvement of Wernicke's area as well Focal Broca area infractions with no Broca's aphasia Agrammatism with no damage to Broca's area (Feature of Broca's aphasia) Lead to questioning of direct mapping of language functions to structural areas
37
Localisation Theory - Limitations
Specific regions may be relevant for language, but not dedicated soley for language Functions don't rely on a single discrete part of the brain
38
Connectionist View of Aphasia
``` Representations are activation patterns Processing is spreading activation Triangle model - bidirectional flow - single phonogical system and orthographic system for input and output - No lexical representation ```
39
Connectionist View of Aphasia - Positives
Provides a conceptual model for how semantic representations activated the lexical representation which activate the phonological representations
40
Cognitive Neuropsychological Approach
Individual pattern of breakdown is more useful than relying on group data
41
Phonological Input Lexicon
Deciding which is a real word; must access knowledge about phonology of words Consult mental dictionary = phonological input lexicon
42
Orthographic Input Lexicon
Deciding real word - must access orthographic knowledge (spelling)
43
Phonological Output Lexicon
If the word has been pronounced before, phonological representation is accessed using phonological knowledge
44
Word frequency - Critical Variables
High freq words are easier vs low freq at lexical level (frequency effect) Assessment - compare performance on high and low freq. words
45
Imageability - Critical Variables
Highly imageable are easier to access Esp if difficulties at semantic level Imageability effect Assessment - compare performance on abstract vs concrete words
46
Word length - Critical Variables
Shorter words easier to produce vs longer if difficulties with phonological assembly Words with regular spelling are easier vs irregular spelling
47
Lexicality - Critical Variables
Real words easier than non-words
48
Semantic errors
"Leopard" - tiger
49
Phonological errors
"Truck" - trup/stuck
50
Unrelated errors
"Chair" - bottle
51
Semantic Lexicon - Disorder and Behaviour
``` Disorder - category loss/degradation - generalised degradation - access problem Behaviour - failure to define/sort words into specific categories - semantic paraphasias ```
52
Phonological Lexicon - Disorder and Behaviour
``` Disorder - Impaired word form representation - disorder of phonological control Behaviour - anomic circumlocation - neologistic jargon - semantic errors ```
53
Phonological Assembly -Disorder and Behaviour
Disorder - Impaired phoneme selection and seriation Behaviour - phonemic paraphasia
54
Phonetic planning - Disorder and Behaviour
Disorder - Impaired phoneme selection and seriation Behaviour - Apraxia of speech
55
Articulation
Disorder - Neuromotor damage Behaviour - Dysarthria
56
Negatives of CNP
Reliance on single-case studies Lack of info in model; consists of descriptive, box-and-arrow diagrams Doesn't provide insight into how therapy works
57
Positives of CNP
Fine-grained theory driven examination of language and cognitive processing Identification of indiv. strengths and weaknesses to identify impairments, facilitate possible targets for treatment
58
Main principles of modularity
Functional modularity Anatomical modularity Universality of cognitive systems Subtractivity
59
Anatomical modularity
some localisation in the brain
60
Universality of cognitive systems
Everyone essentially has the same cognitive systems
61
Subtractivity
Brain lesions destroy, damage or impair components of the normal cognitive system

Cognitive Neuroscience (11 decks)

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